春夏东亚大气环流年代际转折的影响及其可能机理

本文通过多变量联合经验正交分解(MV-EOF)方法揭示了近30年(1979~2010年) 春季和夏季东亚大气环流所发生的年代际转折及其与中国南方降水年代际季节反相变化的内在联系,探讨了局地性大气热源年代际变化影响东亚大气环流年代际转折的可能机理.结果表明:(1)东亚大气环流春季第一模态和夏季第二模态在90年代中期都发生了明显的年代际转折;(2)与春季大气环流第一模态和夏季大气环流第二模态年代际转折相对应的是中国南方降水明显的年代际季节反相变化,即春季降水年代际减少,夏季降水年代际增多;(3)春季青藏高原和夏季贝加尔湖地区大气热源年代际变化对东亚大气环流年代际转折有一定贡献,是造成中国南方降水年代际季节反相变化的直接原因;(4)春季青藏高原大气热源的年代际减弱,使得高原东南侧的西南风减弱,导致中国南方上空水汽输送不足,春季降水减少.夏季贝加尔湖大气热源偶极型分布由“南负北正”转变为“南正北负”,由此在贝湖上空激发高压异常,使得夏季雨带北进受阻而停滞南方,造成中国南方夏季降水增多.     

生态系统变化对湘西岩溶水资源的影响

本文在分析岩溶山区典型生态系统类型及其演化特征和岩溶水资源特点的基础上，通过湘西20年来的生态系统变化的对比，就其对岩溶水资源的影响进行了详细的论述。认为生态的恶化是引起岩溶石山区水资源短缺的一个重要因素，生态系统变化对岩溶水资源的影响主要是通过对岩溶水的补给、迳流、排泄等的影响，使岩溶水资源产生水质和水量的变化。明确生态系统变化是如何影响岩溶水资源的质与量这一重大问题，将有助于岩溶水循环机制的深入研究，为揭示岩溶水资源的形成、演化规律及控制机理，建立岩溶水资源评价、开发利用和保护的系统理论，探索岩溶水资源可持续利用模式提供科学的依据。     

Estimation of potential distribution of gas hydrate in the northern South China Sea

Gas hydrate research has significant importance for securing world energy resources, and has the potential to produce considerable economic benefits. Previous studies have shown that the South China Sea is an area that harbors gas hydrates. However, there is a lack of systematic investigations and understanding on the distribution of gas hydrate throughout the region. In this paper, we applied mineral resource quantitative assessment techniques to forecast and estimate the potential distribution of gas hydrate resources in the northern South China Sea. However, current hydrate samples from the South China Sea are too few to produce models of occurrences. Thus, according to similarity and contrast principles of mineral outputs, we can use a similar hydrate-mining environment with sufficient gas hydrate data as a testing ground for modeling northern South China Sea gas hydrate conditions. We selected the Gulf of Mexico, which has extensively studied gas hydrates, to develop predictive models of gas hydrate distributions, and to test errors in the model. Then, we compared the existing northern South China Sea hydrate-mining data with the Gulf of Mexico characteristics, and collated the relevant data into the model. Subsequently, we applied the model to the northern South China Sea to obtain the potential gas hydrate distribution of the area, and to identify significant exploration targets. Finally, we evaluated the reliability of the predicted results. The south seabed area of Taiwan Bank is recommended as a priority exploration target. The Zhujiang Mouth, Southeast Hainan, and Southwest Taiwan Basins, including the South Bijia Basin, also are recommended as exploration target areas. In addition, the method in this paper can provide a useful predictive approach for gas hydrate resource assessment, which gives a scientific basis for construction and implementation of long-term planning for gas hydrate exploration and general exploitation of the seabed of China.     

大气季节内振荡的研究进展及其在延伸期预报中的应用

回顾和总结了大气季节内振荡(ISO)的主要研究成果,尤其是新近的研究成果,主要包括大气ISO 的基本特征和活动规律、与ENSO 的相互作用、动力学机制及其对我国天气和气候的影响;重点讨论了季节内振荡在延伸期预报中的可能应用,并从季节内振荡的角度提出了制作延伸期预报的思路和流程.     

SEASONAL TRANSITION OF EAST ASIAN SUBTROPICAL MONSOON AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM

The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets and Climate Prediction Center(CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation(CMAP) rain data are used to investigate the large scale seasonal transition of East Asian subtropical monsoon(EASM) and its possible mechanism.The key region of EASM is defined according to the seasonal transition feature of meridional wind.By combining the ’thermal wind’ formula and the ’thermal adaptation’ equation,a new ’thermal-wind-precipitation’ relation is deduced.The area mean wind directions and thermal advections in different seasons are analyzed and it is shown that in summer(winter) monsoon period,the averaged wind direction in the EASM region varies clockwise(anticlockwise) with altitude,and the EASM region is dominated by warm(cold) advection.The seasonal transition of the wind direction at different levels and the corresponding meridional circulation consistently indicates that the subtropical summer monsoon is established between the end of March and the beginning of April.Finally,a conceptual schematic explanation for the mechanism of seasonal transition of EASM is proposed.     

中国汛期雨带的客观划分及其相关环流特征

本文利用1961—2016年中国汛期逐候降水的旋转经验正交函数分解(Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function, REOF)方法对中国汛期雨带进行客观划分。根据REOF模态空间分布以及主成分的气候态平均确定了中国汛期6个主要雨带的落区和时间,并揭示了各雨带气候态环流特征。江南春雨雨带主要发生在长江以南地区,对应时间为26—27候;南方雨季的雨带落区主要在两广至福建地区,对应时间为33—34候;江南及中下游梅雨主要落区在长江以南和长江中下游流域,对应时间分别为34—35和36—37候;华北东北雨季落区在华北至东北地区,发生时间为41—42候;华西秋雨落区在秦岭及其周围地区,对应发生时间为49—52候。在雨带划分的基础上,进一步揭示了各个雨带典型的对流层中高低气候态环流特征。可为客观定义汛期雨带及各雨带气候预测提供参考。     

Estimation of potential distribution of gas hydrate in the northern South China Sea

Gas hydrate research has significant importance for securing world energy resources, and has the potential to produce considerable economic benefits. Previous studies have shown that the South China Sea is an area that harbors gas hydrates. However, there is a lack of systematic investigations and understanding on the distribution of gas hydrate throughout the region. In this paper, we applied mineral resource quantitative assessment techniques to forecast and estimate the potential distribution of gas hydrate resources in the northern South China Sea. However, current hydrate samples from the South China Sea are too few to produce models of occurrences. Thus, according to similarity and contrast principles of mineral outputs, we can use a similar hydrate-mining environment with sufficient gas hydrate data as a testing ground for modeling northern South China Sea gas hydrate conditions. We selected the Gulf of Mexico, which has extensively studied gas hydrates, to develop predictive models of gas hydrate distributions, and to test errors in the model. Then, we compared the existing northern South China Sea hydrate-mining data with the Gulf of Mexico characteristics, and collated the relevant data into the model. Subsequently, we applied the model to the northern South China Sea to obtain the potential gas hydrate distribution of the area, and to identify significant exploration targets. Finally, we evaluated the reliability of the predicted results. The south seabed area of Taiwan Bank is recommended as a priority exploration target. The Zhujiang Mouth, Southeast Hainan, and Southwest Taiwan Basins, including the South Bijia Basin, also are recommended as exploration target areas. In addition, the method in this paper can provide a useful predictive approach for gas hydrate resource assessment, which gives a scientific basis for construction and implementation of long-term planning for gas hydrate exploration and general exploitation of the seabed of China.     

大西洋中脊13°～14°S热液沉积区地形统计分类及勘探靶区初选

基于ArcGIS平台提取水深、坡度、粗糙度等地形特征,采用全覆盖多波来声纳测深数据,将南大西洋中脊研究区划分为4 267个统计单元,提取单元内地形特征的统计参数:均值、方差、最大值、最小值;经过统计筛选,最终选取水深均值、方差、最大值、最小值,坡度均值、方差、最大值、最小值共8个变量参与地形分类;利用K-均值方法进行非监督分类,将4 267个统计单元划分为5类地形,其中1 300个统计单元为裂谷,671个为裂谷壁,150个为内角高地斜坡,1 052个为高粗糙度的高地,1 093个为低粗糙度的次高地。将地形类型与地质调查结果进行初步关联,计算各类地形100网格见矿率系数,得到"内角高地斜坡"为热液硫化物发育的大概率地形类型,建议作为后继调查的重点勘探靶区。     

江南雨季地理区域及起止时间的客观确定

本文基于国家气象信息中心整编的全国1 675个台站观测资料以及NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料,定义了候降水指数,利用旋转正交经验函数分解(REOF)法对全国候降水的季节进程进行了诊断分析,得到了表征气候态降水逐候进程的南、北方模态及各自的时间系数,发现REOF第二模态对应降水季节进程中的江南雨季。综合考虑我国南方(31°N以南、110°E以东区域)气候态降水的候进程、降水季节进程(4-6月降水指数减去6-8月降水指数)年际变率以及雨季(4-6月降水指数)降水年际变率的一致性,客观定义了江南雨季的地理范围。利用客观划定区域内的降水指数、925hPa经向风以及西北太平洋副热带高压500hPa脊线位置3个指标,制定了判定江南雨季起止时间的方法,进而对1961-2012年江南雨季起止时间进行了客观确定,给出了江南雨季起止时间序列。本文旨在为规范江南雨季的监测提供参考和借鉴,并为其预测提供科学基础。     

深基坑工程土层参数反演及挡墙内力预报

提出了一种基坑开挖过程土层弹性模量位移反分析模型以及建立在该模型基础上的正反分析代化算法和预报方法。在施工过程中,将监测工作与数值分析相结合,利用监测数据进行反馈设计具有理论与实践意义。