A Neural Network Based Single Footprint Temperature Retrieval for AtmosphericInfrared Sounder Measurements and Its Application to Study onStratospheric Gravity Wave

Satellite hyperspectral infrared sounder measurements have better horizontal resolution than other sounding techniques as it boasts the stratospheric gravity wave (GW) analysis. To accurately and efficiently derive the three- dimensional structure of the stratospheric GWs from the single-field-of-view (SFOV) Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) observations, this paper firstly focuses on the retrieval of the atmospheric temperature profiles in the altitude range of 20-60 km with an artificial neural network approach (ANN). The simulation experiments show that the retrieval bias is less than 0.5 K, and the root mean square error (RMSE) ranges from 1.8 to 4 K. Moreover, the retrieval results from 20 granules of the AIRS observations with the trained neural network (AIRS_SFOV) and the corresponding operational AIRS products (AIRS_L2) as well as the dual-regression results from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) (AIRS_DR) are compared respectively with ECMWF T799 data. The comparison indicates that the standard deviation of the ANN retrieval errors is significantly less than that of the AIRS_DR. Furthermore, the analysis of the typical GW events induced by the mountain Andes and the typhoon "Soulik" using different data indicates that the AIRS_SFOV results capture more details of the stratospheric gravity waves in the perturbation amplitude and pattern than the operational AIRS products do.     

干旱灾害对粮食安全的影响及其应对技术研究进展与展望

干旱是当今世界出现频率最高、持续时间最长、危害范围最广的重大气象灾害，对全球农业、生态、社会发展和国民经济等影响巨大而广泛。农业旱灾是影响农业生产的重要因素，农业生产关乎着国家粮食安全。我国是一个农业大国，同时也是一个旱灾频发的国家，深入了解农业干旱灾害的成因、影响特征、旱灾强度、严重程度以及作物致灾的生理过程和机理等是提升农业干旱灾害监测预测预警水平、减轻和防御灾害损失、提高国家粮食安全生产需要解决的重要科学问题。本文综合回顾了国内外不同程度的农业干旱及其对粮食生产影响的最新研究进展，从农作物形态、生理、细胞和分子水平等方面探究了干旱影响特征及机制，围绕粮食生产如何有效应对农业干旱问题，评述了当前农业干旱监测的主要指标、方法、预警系统等，针对农业可持续发展和干旱新特征，讨论了当前防旱减灾和农业干旱应对的现状，强调了适应与减缓并举的一系列干旱应对措施，在此基础上结合国家、区域和行业发展需求提出了今后应着重加强的重要科学问题、研究对策及学科发展展望。