Matrix-bound phosphine in sediments from Lake Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia

Matrix-bound phosphine (MBP) has been measured in sediment from two cores in Lake Illawarra on the south east coast of Australia. The sediments were also dated in the upper layers. MBP concentrations found range from 142 to 1813 ng kg⁻¹, dw (dry weight of sediment) with some values being amongst the highest ever measured. Values of MBP in deeper sediments were higher than for near surface samples, but the patterns with depth were not consistent. Strong correlations were noted between MBP and organic phosphorus (OP, r > 0.8) and with total phosphorus (TP, r > 0.7), but only moderate correlations were found with organic carbon (OC, r > 0.5). No correlations were found between MBP concentrations and the age of the sediments. It was confirmed that high MBP concentrations are indicative of a phosphorus rich environment. The results tend to support the premise that MBP is generated by microbial attack on OP under anaerobic conditions.     

Effects of modified clay on cysts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scrippsiella trochoidea</Emphasis> for harmful algal bloom control

We present results on the effect of modified clay on cyst formation of Scrippsiella trochoidea in harmful algal bloom （HAB）. Modified clay （in concentration of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g/L） were added to cultures, and observations were made on cysts of S. trochoidea under controlled laboratory conditions. Results indicate that the removal rate of algal cells reached 97.7% at the clay concentration of 1.0 g/L. The cyst formation rate increased from 4.6% to 24.6% when the concentration of clay was increased from 0 to 1.0 g/L. Two cyst metamorphs were observed： spinal calcareous cysts and smooth noncalcareous ones. The proportion of the spinal cysts decreased from 76.9% to 24.1% when clay concentration increased from 0 to 1.0 g/L. In addition, modified clay affected cyst germination. The germination rate decreased with the increases in the clay concentrations. Non-calcareous cysts had a lower germination rate with a longer germination time. We conclude that modified clay could depress algal cell multiplication and promote formation of temporal cysts of S. trochoidea, which may help in controlling HAB outbreaks.     

Key nitrogen biogeochemical processes revealed by the nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate in the Changjiang River estuary,China

Seasonal variations in the nitrogen isotopic composition of dissolved nitrate(δ 15 NO 3) were investigated in the surface waters of the Changjiang River estuary in 2009 and 2010. δ 15 NO 3 varied between-4.6‰ and 8.9‰ with changes in temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentrations, and the composition of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen pool. In February, biological processes decreased because of low temperature, and the mean δ 15 NO 3 near the river mouth was 2.4‰. In May, δ 15 NO 3 was the highest in the surface waters among all seasons. Analysis on the conservative mixing revealed assimilation, and this fi nding is supported by positive relationship between Chl a and δ 15 NO 3. The fractionation factor of assimilation was estimated to be 2.0‰ by the Rayleigh equation. Nitrifi cation was supported based on the mixing behaviors in November 2010 and the low δ 15 NO 3 values in May and November 2009. The high ammonium concentrations in the adjacent marine area and positive relationships between total organic nitrogen and δ 15 NO 3 in November 2010 indicated that mineralization was taking place.     

空间生产视角下的传统村落空间转型过程、特征与机制——以黄山市卖花渔村为例

基于空间生产的“三元辩证法”视角,以黄山市歙县卖花渔村为例,从物质空间、社会空间和制度空间3个维度分析传统村落空间转型过程、特征及驱动机制。结果表明：1）改革开放以来卖花渔村空间转型经历了内生性缓慢转型发展、外源性空间快速扩展、有序化空间品质提升3个阶段。2）随着盆景产业复兴和乡村旅游业兴起,传统村落物质空间分化重塑、社会空间解体重构、制度空间日趋完善,呈现出空间功能复合化、社会关系开放化、空间主体多元化的空间转型特征。3）在社会关系变迁、资本投入、权力干预等共同作用下,社会空间、物质空间及制度空间互动演进,共同推动了传统村落空间转型过程。     

Molecular identification of Prorocentrum （Dinophyceae） species

A fragment of a large sub-unit ribosomal DNA (LrDNA) of 12 strains of Prorocentrum species was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR products were digested by 3 restriction endonucleases (Cfo Ⅰ, Hae Ⅲ, and RSA Ⅰ) and then resolved in agarose gels. Results show that different species had different RFLP patterns, except for P arcuatum (ME 131), which had the same pattern to P. micans (ME 160 and 04).The same fragment of 19 strains of the genus was also amplified and subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). 11 different patterns were resolved. Different cultures of a same species had the same pattern. The results of RFLP and DGGE analyses showed that eight newly isolated epibenthic Prorocentrum species were different from each other, and also from other cultured ones examined in this study. P arcuatum(MEI32) could not be differentiated from P. micans (MEI60 and 04), it was probably mis-identified, since they are quite different morphologically. P. redfieldii (MEI38) could also not be distinguished form P. triestinium(MEI32), it should be regarded as a synonym ofP. triestinium. Unexpectedly, a restriction site was found in P.micans, compared with previous sequence data.     

黄河三角洲冰携泥现象及其产出的冰成沉积构造

通过野外实地考察、实验模拟，在黄河三角洲发现了一种非常特殊的、冰-（水-）泥共同作用而形成的冰携泥现象。冬末春初，冰雪融化，位于冰层底部的细粒碎屑沉积物质（粉砂或粘土）常被冰向上携起。研究认为，冰携泥的发育过程可以分为三个阶段：沉积物的破碎、冰层底部融化-泥沙被冰垂向搬运及泥沙下落-冰成球粒等的形成。在冰携泥的整个过程中可产出冰劈裂缝、冰成球粒和冰成泥沙片等特殊的沉积现象（构造），它们是冰携泥现象留下的重要的地质记录，对于恢复这一特殊现象及其形成的环境条件具有重要的指示意义。另外，初步探讨了冰携泥现象形成的两种可能机制：毛细作用和冰融水对流作用，并认为在冰融水能及时渗漏或排出的开放系统中，只有毛细作用机制发生作用；在冰融水不能被渗漏或排出的密闭系统中，两种机制共同发生作用。     

改性粘土絮凝法对太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)稚贝的影响

本实验以太平洋牡蛎稚贝(Crassostrea gigas,～0.2cm)为对象,研究了HDTMA有机改性粘土和PAC无机改性粘土絮凝法治理赤潮时对海洋底栖生物的影响。96h急性毒性实验中二者对牡蛎稚贝的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为4.62g/L和2.67g/L。在能够有效去除赤潮微藻的浓度条件下(0.10g/L),经慢性毒性实验发现改性粘土对牡蛎稚贝成活率无影响,牡蛎生长速度较对照组没有明显差异,滤食率比培养实验初始时升高了3～4倍,同时在牡蛎超微组织结构中未发现机械损伤。通过模拟改性粘土去除赤潮生物(Heterosigma akashiwo和Prorocentrum donghaiense)过程中对生物体的影响,发现改性粘土絮凝法通过去除赤潮藻能显著提高牡蛎的存活率,所以HDTMA有机改性粘土和PAC无机改性粘土絮凝法在赤潮生物防控中可以作为一项有效的应急措施。     

Application and comparison of two symptom-based eutrophication-assessment methods in Jiaozhou Bay,China

Increasing numbers of approaches to assess eutrophication,such as estuarine trophic status,the Oslo-Paris Commission Common Procedure,and the Water Framework Directive,focus on the symptoms of eutrophication.In China,however,nutrient index methods dominate the assessment of coastal waters.In this study,an integrated method that includes both water quality and ecological response was compared with the Northwest Pacific Action Plan(NOWPAP)Common Procedure.Observation data from Jiaozhou Bay,Shandong,China,were used in a comparison of the two methods in a trophic status study.Overall,both clearly revealed a high level of nutrient enrichment in the bay,indicated by high nutrient concentrations.Though the two methods differed in their methodological design in the assessment of the ecological effects of nutrient enrichment,they have acquired similar results:the integrated method suggested that the status was good,and the NOWPAP Common Procedure suggested that the status was low(indicating that the bay had no serious eutrophication problem).The introduction of filter feeders(shellfish aquaculture)into the bay on a reasonable scale may have been effective in mitigating eutrophic conditions,and perhaps explains the low ecological impacts there.Our results will be useful to ecosystem-based eutrophication management in the bay and in similar areas.     

The environmental implication of diatom fossils in the surface sediment of the Changjiang River estuary(CRE) and its adjacent area

In order to depict the distribution of diatom fossils in surface sediments and to establish a reliable reference data for further paleoenvironmental study in the Changjiang(Yangtze) River estuary and its adjacent waters, the diatom fossils from 34 surface sediment samples and their relationship with environmental variables were analyzed by principal component analysis and redundancy correspondence analysis. The diversity and abundance of diatom fossils were analyzed. Some annual average parameters of the overlying water(salinity, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, depth, dissolved inorganic nitrogen,dissolved inorganic phosphate and dissolved inorganic silicate) were measured at each sampling site. A total of 113 diatom taxa and one silicoflagellate species were identified in the investigation area. Diatom fossils were better preserved in fine sediments. The absolute abundance of diatom fossils did not significantly dif fer between inshore and of fshore areas, the species diversity decreased from inshore to of fshore. This may be because high nutrients and low salinity promoted the growth of more brackish species in coastal waters. The diatom taxa were divided into three groups, on the basis of their response and indication to environmental changes. For example, Actinocyclus ehrenbergii and Cyclotella stylorum were dominant in coastal waters(Group 1 and Group 3) with high nutrients and low salinity; the relative abundances of Paralia sulcata and Podosira stelliger were significantly higher in of fshore sites(Group 2, average 39.5%),which were characterized by high salinity and deep water. Four environmental variables(salinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, temperature and water depth) explained the composition and distribution of diatom taxa independently( P 0.05), this finding can be applied in further paleoenvironmental reconstruction research in this area.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets of the Changjiang River estuary

Eutrophication has emerged as a key environmental problem in Chinese coastal waters, especially in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River estuary. In this area, large nutrient inputs result in frequent harmful algal blooms and serious hypoxia in bottom waters. Four cruises were made in the estuary in 2006 to assess the concentration and distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus (DIP). The concentration of DIN decreased gradually in a linear relationship with salinity from the river mouth to ...