Improvement of the Surface Pressure Operator in GRAPES and Its Application in Precipitation Forecasting in South China

In this study we investigated the problems involved in assimilating surface pressure in the current global and regional assimilation and prediction system, GRAPES. A new scheme of assimilating surface pressure was proposed, including a new interpolation scheme and a refreshed background covariance. The new scheme takes account of the differences between station elevation and model topography, and it especially deals with stations located at elevations below that of the first model level. Contrast experiments were conducted using both the original and the new assimilation schemes. The influence of the new interpolation scheme and the updated background covariance were investigated. Our results show that the new interpolation scheme utilized more observations and improved the quality of the mass analysis. The background covariance was refreshed using statistics resulting from the technique proposed by Parrish and Derber in 1992. Experiments show that the updated vertical covariance may have a positive influence on the analysis at higher levels of the atmosphere when assimilating surface pressure. This influence may be more significant if the quality of the background field at high levels is poor. A series of assimilation experiments were performed to test the validity of the new scheme. The corresponding simulation experiments were conducted using the analysis of both schemes as initial conditions. The results indicated that the new scheme leads to better forecasting of sea level pressure and precipitation in South China, especially the forecast of moderate and heavy rain.     

春季西南热低压的发生发展与结构特征

通过普查1997-2006年3-5月典型西南热低压天气过程,分析其气候特征,归纳热低压的生命史,将其分为4个不同的发展阶段:初生、成熟、相持和填塞.利用台站观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°及2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,对7次典型的春季西南热低压过程进行合成分析,揭示了成熟阶段和填塞阶段热低压结构特征.分析结果表明:在春季西南热低压系统控制下,气压降幅显著,气温升高、相对湿度降低,午后偏南风加大,气象要素具有明显的日变化特征;68％的热低压会给西南地区造成35℃以上的高温,32％的热低压给贵州造成高温.热低压系统为浅薄暖性低压,干区深厚,低压区为辐合区、正涡度区,以上升运动为主,并且是对流性不稳定.热低压填塞阶段,受冷空气侵入,低压北侧偏北风加大,近地层气旋的辐合增强,低压内为高能区,在冷空气的向南推进过程中,易出现强对流天气.     

黑河干流高崖断面径流变化及其模拟

 作为张掖市甘州区与临泽县之间的黑河干流的控制断面,高崖断面径流量变化反映了甘州区地表水、地下水、灌溉用水之间的转化特征。在定性分析黑河干流高崖断面径流组成的基础上,提出了河道渗漏和地下水溢出的简化模型,利用月引水比例刻画灌溉引水量的年内变化,以莺落峡径流量和典型观测孔水位为输入,对高崖断面的月径流量进行了模拟。模型重建的1989—2006年高崖断面月径流量NSE(Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency)系数达到0.88。所提出的方法充分考虑了河道水量适时变化条件下的河道渗漏行为以及人类活动的影响,是对高崖断面径流变化研究的一次积极探索。     

基于产业集聚度演变的河南省承接产业转移研究

产业集聚在四方面影响产业转移:能产生集聚经济效应,从而吸引同类企业入驻;能带动更多上下游及相关企业入驻;有利于吸引高素质务工人员,缓解产业转移中用工荒难题;能有效降低产业转移成本。运用EG指数模型对河南省农林牧渔业、采矿业、制造业、电力及能源供应业、建筑业、物流业、IT行业、金融业、房地产业九大行业2000—2009年的集聚程度进行了测量,发现3个规律:集聚度分层明显;近5年产业集聚度变化有明显规律;产业发展水平低。据此提出河南省承接产业转移的建议:1)积极采取有效措施提高制造业、IT业的集聚度,提高承接产业转移的集聚优势;2)依靠当前集聚优势,自然承接其它7个行业的转移;3)培育精品产业集聚区,进一步提高产业集聚程度;4)集约利用产业集聚区,打造完整产业链。     

山东省前寒武纪地层形成时代—同位素地质测年的证据

精确同位素地质测年结果表明,沂水岩群形成时代为2 760～2 700Ma,泰山岩群雁翎关岩组、柳杭岩组下亚组和孟家屯岩组形成时代为2 750～2 700Ma,均属新太古代早期;泰山岩群柳杭岩组上亚组、山草峪岩组形成时代为2 600～2 540Ma(被峄山岩套石英闪长岩和傲徕山岩套二长花岗岩侵入),济宁岩群岩浆锆石年龄(2 561±24)Ma,均属新太古代晚期。荆山群和粉子山群的形成时代为古元古代晚期。芝罘群碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄(1 658±32)Ma、(1 792±43)Ma,形成时代为中元古代。云台岩群花果山组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄800～740Ma,形成时代为新元古代。     

应用荧光显微技术判别吐哈盆地储层含油水性

通过在荧光镜下的油水特征实验，分别得出油、油包水、水包油、含油水、水的荧光特征，然后对吐哈盆地单井储层的油层、水层荧光特征反复实验，并与试油结果对比，归纳总结出了油层、水层及油水界面的识别标志。油层特征主要为荧光发光较好且均匀、大面积油包水；水层特征主要为荧光发光不均匀，可动水普遍，并出现水包油现象；油水界面特征主要为荧光从均匀发光过渡到不均匀发光，孔隙由可动油充填过渡到由可动水充填。提出了吐哈盆地储层含油规律性，从而为探井试油、油层划分提供了准确可靠的依据。     

Stability Analysis on Speed Control System of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

The stability of the motion control system is one of the decisive factors of the control quality for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV).The divergence of control,which the unstable system may be brought about,is fatal to the operation of AUV.The stability analysis of the PD and S-surface speed controllers based on the Lyapunov' s direct method is proposed in this paper.After decoupling the six degree-of-freedom (DOF) motions of the AUV,the axial dynamic behavior is discussed and the condition is deduced,in which the parameters selection within stability domain can guarantee the system asymptotically stable.The experimental results in a tank and on the sea have successfully verified the algorithm reliability,which can be served as a good reference for analyzing other AUV nonlinear control systems.     

嵌入式灭菌控制系统的设计

通过采用三星公司的S3C44B0X和嵌入式实时操作系统μC/OS-Ⅱ,提出了输液药品生产过程中的灭菌智能控制器的设计方案.按照输液药品的灭菌工艺流程要求和控制特点,介绍和论述控制仪的硬件结构、软件结构,重点介绍整个系统的软件设计,包括μC/OS-Ⅱ的移植、设备驱动程序开发、应用程序开发.     

东亚夏季风对中国东部臭氧输送过程的影响

利用2015—2019年中国东部20个省份222个城市的地面O_3观测数据和全球再分析风场数据,研究了中国东部地区O_3的时空分布特征,以及在亚洲夏季风背景下污染上风方O_3光化学输送对下风方O_3质量浓度季节变化的影响。结果表明:中国东部地区O_3质量浓度夏季高、冬季低,O_3质量浓度按照东南、华东、东北、华北的顺序依次升高,位于中高纬度的华北、东北地区明显高于位于中低纬度的华东、华南地区。不同城市、不同季节O_3质量浓度日变化形态具有较好的一致性,都表现为夜晚低、清晨逐渐升高、下午至黄昏达到最大的单周期变化形态,具有典型的光化学控制特征。春季,亚洲夏季风开始影响中国东部地区,华东、华北、东北地区为大范围的O_3高值区;夏季,亚洲夏季风将O_3及其前体物由纬度较低的华南、华东地区向纬度较高的华北、东北地区不断输送和累积,并在夏季强紫外辐射作用下发生光化学反应,导致夏季华北、东北地区的O_3污染。     

Kinematics and Microphysical Characteristics of the First Intense Rainfall Convective Storm Observed by Jiangsu Polarimetric Radar Network

The polarimetric radar network in Jiangsu Province has just been operationalized since 2020. The first intense precipitation event observed by this polarimetric radar network and disdrometer occurred during August 28-29, 2020 and caused severe flooding and serious damage in eastern Jiangsu Province. The microphysics and kinetics for this heavy precipitation convective storm is diagnosed in this study, in order to promote the application of this polarimetric radar network. Drop size distribution (DSD) of this event is estimated from measurements of a ground disdrometer, and the corresponding three-dimensional atmospheric microphysical features are obtained from the multiple polarimetric radars. According to features of updraft and lighting, the evolution of the convective storm is divided into four stages: developing, mature with lightning, mature without lightning and dissipating. The DSD of this event is featured by a large number of raindrops and a considerable number of large raindrops. The microphysical characteristics are similar to those of warm-rain process, and ice-phase microphysical processes are active in the mature stages. The composite vertical structure of the convective storm indicates that deep ZDR and KDP columns coincide with strong updrafts during both mature stages. The hierarchical microphysical structure retrieved by the Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm (HID) shows that depositional growth has occurred above the melting level, and aggregation is the most widespread ice-phase process at the -10℃ level or higher. During negative lightning activity, the presence of strongest updrafts and a large amount of ice-phase graupel by riming between the 0℃ and -35℃ layers generate strong negative electric fields within the cloud. These convective storms are typical warm clouds with very high precipitation efficiency, which cause high concentration of raindrops, especially the presence of large raindrops within a short period of time. The ice-phase microphysical processes above the melting layer also play an important role in the triggering and enhancing of precipitation.