Ries crater and suevite revisited—Observations and modeling Part I: Observations

We report results of an interdisciplinary project devoted to the 26 km‐diameter Ries crater and to the genesis of suevite. Recent laboratory analyses of “crater suevite” occurring within the central crater basin and of “outer suevite” on top of the continuous ejecta blanket, as well as data accumulated during the past 50 years, are interpreted within the boundary conditions imposed by a comprehensive new effort to model the crater formation and its ejecta deposits by computer code calculations (Artemieva et al. 2013). The properties of suevite are considered on all scales from megascopic to submicroscopic in the context of its geological setting. In a new approach, we reconstruct the minimum/maximum volumes of all allochthonous impact formations (108/116 km³), of suevite (14/22 km³), and the total volume of impact melt (4.9/8.0 km³) produced by the Ries impact event prior to erosion. These volumes are reasonably compatible with corresponding values obtained by numerical modeling. Taking all data on modal composition, texture, chemistry, and shock metamorphism of suevite, and the results of modeling into account, we arrive at a new empirical model implying five main consecutive phases of crater formation and ejecta emplacement. Numerical modeling indicates that only a very small fraction of suevite can be derived from the “primary ejecta plume,” which is possibly represented by the fine‐grained basal layer of outer suevite. The main mass of suevite was deposited from a “secondary plume” induced by an explosive reaction (“fuel‐coolant interaction”) of impact melt with water and volatile‐rich sedimentary rocks within a clast‐laden temporary melt pool. Both melt pool and plume appear to be heterogeneous in space and time. Outer suevite appears to be derived from an early formed, melt‐rich and clast‐poor plume region rich in strongly shocked components (melt ? clasts) and originating from an upper, more marginal zone of the melt pool. Crater suevite is obviously deposited from later formed, clast‐rich and melt‐poor plumes dominated by unshocked and weakly shocked clasts and derived from a deeper, central zone of the melt pool. Genetically, we distinguish between “primary suevite” which includes dike suevite, the lower sublayer of crater suevite, and possibly a basal layer of outer suevite, and “secondary suevite” represented by the massive upper sublayer of crater suevite and the main mass of outer suevite.     

赣南与钨锡矿化有关的九曲二云母花岗岩的

九曲二云母花岗岩与钨锡成矿关系密切,锆石SHRIMP U-Pb和LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测试结果分别为169±8Ma和169.6±0.8Ma,属于中生代中侏罗世.九曲岩体的钾长石和白云母的Ar-Ar坪年龄分别为100.80±0.76Ma和169.7±1.2 Ma,反等时线年龄分别为104.1±3.5 Ma和170.4± 2.2 Ma,分别代表了钾长石和白云母的结晶年龄.九曲岩体具有两阶段的冷却速率,在早阶段其冷却曲线为近垂直于年龄轴的直线,晚阶段的冷却速度为2.90℃/Ma;在地球化学特征上总的特点是富硅、碱,贫钙、镁、钛、磷;DI介于95.04～ 95.57之间,反映了岩体经历了高程度分异演化作用;属于过铝质的高钾钙碱性系列岩石;稀土配分模式呈稍向左倾的重稀土富集型,Eu强烈负异常,εNd(t)值介于-9.51～-10.12之间,计算的二阶段Nd模式年龄T2DM介于1.83 ～1.87Ga,推测其可能是由时代相当于元古宙的陆壳富泥质变质沉积岩部分熔融形成的S型花岗岩类,较低的K/Rb值暗示了在演化过程中有挥发分流体参与并经历了较强的分异作用,是岩浆演化到晚期阶段的产物.     

Modeling of gas generation from the Alam El-Bueib formation in the Shoushan Basin, northern Western Desert of Egypt

The Shoushan Basin is an important hydrocarbon province in the northern Western Desert, Egypt, but the burial/thermal histories for most of the source rocks in the basin have not been assigned yet. In this study, subsurface samples from selected wells were collected to characterize the source rocks of Alam El-Bueib Formation and to study thermal history in the Shoushan Basin. The Lower Cretaceous Alam El-Bueib Formation is widespread in the Shoushan Basin, which is composed mainly of shales and sandstones with minor carbonate rocks deposited in a marine environment. The gas generative potential of the Lower Cretaceous Alam El-Bueib Formation in the Shoushan Basin was evaluated by Rock–Eval pyrolysis. Most samples contain sufficient type III organic matter to be considered gas prone. Vitrinite reflectance was measured at eight stratigraphic levels (Jurassic–Cretaceous). Vitrinite reflectance profiles show a general increase of vitrinite reflectance with depth. Vitrinite reflectance values of Alam El-Bueib Formation range between 0.70 and 0.87 VRr %, indicating a thermal maturity level sufficient for hydrocarbon generation. Thermal maturity and burial histories models predict that the Alam El-Bueib source rock entered the mid-mature stage for hydrocarbon generation in the Tertiary. These models indicate that the onset of gas generation from the Alam El-Bueib source rock began in the Paleocene (60 Ma), and the maximum volume of gas generation occurred during the Pliocene (3–2 Ma).     

塔里木盆地柯坪地区上寒武统表生溶蚀型藻格架白云岩的地球化学特征及意义*

采用野外观察、室内薄片鉴定及多项地球化学分析技术方法,对塔里木盆地柯坪地区上寒武统表生溶蚀型藻格架白云岩的特征及成因进行了研究。宏观上,藻格架白云岩呈丘状、透镜状夹于潮坪相白云岩层间,由于差异性溶蚀,发育了大量表生溶蚀孔。微观上,藻格架由富藻的泥粉晶白云石组成,而架间孔由浅色的亮晶白云石充填。藻格架泥粉晶白云石呈他形—半自形,镶嵌结构,具有暗红色—橙红色的阴极发光,较高的Na、K含量,较低的Fe含量;δ¹³C为-0.572‰～0.124‰、平均值-0.116‰,δ¹⁸O为-5.391‰～-4.983‰、平均值-5.240‰,表明其形成于准同生阶段盐度较高的相对氧化环境中。架间充填的亮晶白云石胶结物,呈半自形—自形中细晶,具有昏暗的阴极发光或者不发光,较低的Na、K含量,较高的Fe含量,δ¹³C值为-0.662‰～-0.251‰、平均值为-0.460‰;δ¹⁸O值为-6.639‰～-5.939‰、平均值-6.267‰,表明其形成于相对还原的埋藏环境。稀土元素分析结果表明,二者均具有LREE轻微富集、HREE亏损、Eu负异常特征,与海相泥晶灰岩稀土元素配分模式相似,揭示了其白云化流体均来自于原始的海水。在溶蚀作用方面,亮晶白云石胶结物相对泥粉晶白云石藻格架更易于溶蚀。前者在大气水表生溶蚀过程中,主量元素Ca、Mg丢失显著,Mg/Ca值由0.955降至0.007,微量元素Na、K丢失相对明显,Na/Ca值由原来的3.8×10^-4降为1.9×10^-4,K/Ca值由1.1×10^-3降至检测限以下,而不改变稀土元素的配分模式。这些特征表明,表生溶蚀过程在元素特征上是一个去白云化的盐度降低过程,而这一过程中基本无稀土元素的带入带出。     

我国煤炭资源主要工业指标应用问题研究

矿床工业指标的运用直接关系到矿体的圈定、勘查类型的划分、资源储量类别的确定和资源储量总量。作为煤炭资源大国,我国现行煤炭资源工业指标存在不尽合理的问题,它将影响到资源利用率评价数据的可靠性,给矿产资源储量监督管理工作带来不便。通过分析现行规范推荐的一般工业指标存在的主要问题,指出了目前工业指标管理中存在的漏洞。认为目前亟待制订科学合理、适时有效的工业指标,据此估算资源储量,掌控我国煤炭资源家底,以实施有效的煤炭资源监督。修定新的煤炭工业指标应有利于指导勘查单位合理地圈定资源储量,并对维护矿产资源国家所有权益、促进矿产资源积极作用和综合利用、提高矿政管理水平发挥积极作用。     

Groundwater resources assessment using integrated geophysical techniques in the southwestern region of Peninsular Malaysia

Combined geophysical techniques such as multi-electrode resistivity, induced polarization, and borehole geophysical techniques were carried out on volcano-sedimentary rocks in the north of Gemas as part of the groundwater resource’s investigations. The result identifies four resistivity units: the tuffaceous mudstone, tuffaceous sandstone, the tuff bed, and the shale layer. Two types of aquifer systems in terms of storage were identified within the area: one within a fracture system (tuff), which is the leaky area through which vertical flow of groundwater occurs, and an intergranular property of the sandy material of the aquifer which includes sandstone and tuffaceous sandstone. The result also reveals that the aquifer occupies a surface area of about 3,250,555 m² with a mean depth of 43.71 m and a net volume of 9.798?×?10⁷?m³. From the approximate volume of the porous zone (28 %) and the total aquifer volume, a usable capacity of (274.339?±?30.177)?×?10⁷?m³ of water in the study area can be deduced. This study provides useful information that can be used to develop a much broader understanding of the nature of groundwater potential in the area and their relationship with the local geology.     

苏鲁超高压地体部分熔融时间的厘定：荣成花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带的锆石U-Pb定年、微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素证据

威海-荣成地区混合岩化花岗质片麻岩为研究超高压地体折返过程中的部分熔融提供了理想的窗口。本文通过对荣成地区鲍村花岗质片麻岩中浅色条带野外观察、岩相学以及锆石的CL图像、U-Pb定年、微量元素和Lu-Hf同位素的系统研究表明,鲍村花岗质片麻岩中的浅色条带为部分熔融的产物,其主要矿物组成为石英+斜长石+钾长石+黑云母。锆石CL图像显示清楚的核-边结构:继承岩浆核和新生岩浆边。继承核的206Pb/238U协和年龄为620±8～784±7Ma(Mean=701±33Ma);具有典型的岩浆锆石的微量元素特征,如重稀土(HREE)和Y富集,强烈的正Ce异常和负Eu异常,以及极低的(Gd/Lu)N和Hf/Y比值;εHf(t=700Ma)值为-13.0～-8.0(Mean=-10.9±0.8),相应的tDM2为2120～2429Ma(Mean=2303±51Ma)。新生边的206Pb/238U协和年龄为211±6～244±5Ma(226±10Ma);虽然微量元素的整体含量低于继承核,但也具有岩浆锆石的微量元素特征,如稀土元素配分模式显示HREE明显上翘的特征,正Ce异常和负Eu异常,以及极低的(Gd/Lu)N比值;εHf(t=225Ma)值为-17.3～-14.2(Mean=-15.2±0.6),相应的tDM2为2152～2347Ma(Mean=2214±33Ma)。上述特征表明,部分熔融的原岩是由古元古代(2.2～2.3Ga)的地壳物质在新元古代(701±33Ma)重熔而成,部分熔融可能发生在超高压地体折返早期的热折返阶段(榴辉岩相-高压麻粒岩相条件下),时代应为226±10Ma。威海-荣成混合岩化片麻岩内广泛发育的富含钾长石和石英的酸性岩脉(约220～210Ma),可能为折返晚期的角闪岩相冷凝阶段,部分熔融形成的熔体经历了结晶分异作用的产物。     

大别-苏鲁高压、超高压变质带榴辉岩和脉体中磷灰石氯含量和流体盐度关系的研究

流体的盐度对含羟基变质矿物组合的稳定温压条件和岩石-流体的相互作用有重要影响.流体的盐度可从矿物中氯含量的角度加以研究.磷灰石是一个含氯矿物,作为副矿物广泛分布在各种岩石中,且能在较宽的温压范围内稳定存在.本文选择大别-苏鲁造山带中典型的高压、超高压岩石开展了磷灰石成分的研究,结合前人流体包裹体的研究结果,探讨了榴辉岩相条件下流体盐度和磷灰石中的氯含量之间的关系.榴辉岩和脉体中磷灰石的XClAp/XOHAp比值与已有的流体包裹体盐度呈很好的线性正相关.榴辉岩和脉体中磷灰石的XClAp/XoHAp比值范围为0.00～0.35时,对应的流体包裹体盐度约为0～40％ NaCleqv.     

浅析广义干旱与狭义干旱的联系与区别

指出干旱研究的基础是以区域水资源承载力为前提。利用陆地水文学知识分析了自然界水循环运动的每个环节和特点,剖析了水资源承载力在陆面蒸发和径流衰退过程中形成干旱的机制。定义了广义干旱,并简析了与气象、农业等各种狭义干旱的区别与联系。强调了陆地水文学是唯一可以给干旱以科学、严谨和充分定义的学科。