新疆玛纳斯河流域生态经济功能区划研究

水在干旱区维护生态和发展经济中起决定性作用,而水资源的形成、转化和消耗,主要取决于大地貌类型。本文以大地貌类型为单元,将玛纳斯河流域划分为3个生态经济功能区;即南部天山草原森林牧林矿产区,对应为径流形成和水源涵养区;中部玛纳斯河平原农业和城镇绿洲区,对应为径流消耗和转化区;北部古尔班通古特沙漠生态保育沙产业区,对应为少流和无流区。在3个一级区划内,再根据中地貌条件、生态系统类型、产业结构及发展经济和保护生态环境的措施划分二级区,共分为9个。分别论述了各区的生态环境与社会经济特征,有针对性的提出各区生态与经济协调发展的对策,为分区治理提供了科学依据。并提出只有把玛纳斯河流域作为一个完整的生态经济系统,实行以水资源合理利用为核心,以山区的综合治理为基础,以发展绿洲经济为支撑,以防治荒漠化的扩大为保障,才能使其良性互动,实现和谐和持续发展。     

地电阻率资料日常处理软件研制

地电阻率观测在地震前兆观测中具有重要的地位,大量的观测资料表明,多数中强地震前地电阻率出现了异常变化,而快速地发现、甄别地电阻率的变化是地震前兆信息还是干扰,高效率地做好地电阻率资料日常处理工作是前提。由此,依据地电阻率理论和有关规定,基于V isualC＋＋6.0平台,开发了一款关于ZDSB或ZD8B I地电仪产出的地电阻率资料日常处理软件,旨在介绍本软件算法的理论原理、设计思路及实现方法,并结合陇南中心地震台地电阻率观测资料给出了相应的应用实例。应用表明,研发的该软件可以将地电阻率资料日常处理工作系统化,将日常处理工作中大量繁杂的手工操作自动化,能及时地对资料的异常变化做出初步判定,快速地为地震预测部门提供依据。     

杭州西湖区域断裂分形研究及其对岩溶塌陷分布的影响

以分形理论为基础,采用网格覆盖法,研究了杭州市西湖区的断裂分形特征,并对该区的岩溶塌陷易发程度进行了 分析。首先,简要介绍了研究区地质背景及断裂分数维的计算和分析方法,并计算出西湖周边区域断裂分布的总体分数维 及北东向、北西向的分数维,表明本区断裂分数维能很好的反映断裂分布的空间特征;其次,结合研究区的岩溶塌陷分布, 讨论了断裂分数维和岩溶塌陷之间的关系,表明北东向和北西向断裂分布在空间上互补;且岩溶塌陷分布情况和断裂分数 维呈正相关关系;最后,以定量的形式分析了该区断裂对岩溶塌陷分布的控制,对当地工程建设有一定的指导意义。     

气候变化背景下新疆北部2009/2010年冬季雪灾

利用新疆北部43个气象观测站资料,引用异常气候事件和极端气候事件的判别标准,定量分析了2009/2010年冬季新疆北部的异常气候特征,总结了这一阶段的降水、气温的极端事件特征。分析表明,新疆北部2009/2010年冬季降水量大,积雪厚,积雪时间长,气温变化幅度大,多种表征降水和积雪的气象要素突破历史极值;极端事件发生频次高、范围广,极端冷事件与暖事件并存。在全球气候变暖的大尺度背景下出现降雪如此大、积雪如此厚、灾害如此重的极端气候事件,在新疆实属罕见,这也凸显了极端气候事件的多元性和复杂性。     

Detection and indication of 1,3,4-C27–29 triol in the sediment of northern South China Sea

After the detection of the 1,20,21-C_(29) long-chain triol in some sediments and freshwater pteridophytes, in this study, a new homologous long-chain triol, 1,3,4-C_(27-29), is detected for the first time in the Site4 B core sediment in the northern South China Sea. The hydroxyl location and length of the carbon chain of this newly discovered triol differ from those of 1,20,21-C_(29) triol. The test results of its molecular distribution and individual carbon isotope reveal that 1,3,4-C_(29) triol has a good correlation with n-C_(26-30) even carbon-numbered long-chain fatty alcohols, with R~2(n=68) values of 0.905, 0.929 and 0.903, respectively, and its carbon isotope composition, at –32.3‰±1.9‰, is similar to that of n-C_(26-30), at –29.13‰±0.87‰, –32.98‰±1.28‰, and –32.98‰±1.28‰. 1,3,4-C_(29) triol from the Site4 B core sediment and terrigenous long-chain fatty alcohol(n-C_(26-34)) show highly consistent distribution trends in the entire section; thus, the former could serve as a proxy indicator of the terrigenous input. Considering that the 1,20,21-C_(29) triol in previous research belongs to Azolla, which are fresh water pteridophytes, the 1,3,4-C_(27-29) triol identified in this study might have similar biogenetic derivation. Thus, determination of its biogenic area and growing environment could provide potential organic geochemical evidence supporting the terrigenous input and source in the northern South China Sea.     

Effect of hydration on the elasticity of mantle minerals and its geophysical implications

Recent studies have shown that major nominally anhydrous minerals in the Earth’s mantle, such as olivine, pyroxene and garnet, can incorporate considerable amounts of water as structurally bound hydroxyl. Even a small amount of water is present in mantle minerals, it can strongly affect a number of physical properties, including density, sound velocity, melting temperature, and electrical conductivities. The presence of water can also influence the dynamic behavior, lead to lateral velocity heterogeneities, and affect the material circulation of the Earth’s deep interior. In particular, seismic studies have reported the existence of low-velocity zones in various locations of the Earth’s upper mantle and transition zone, which has been expected to be associated with the presence of water in the region. In the past two decades, the effect of water on the elasticity and sound velocities of minerals at relevant pressure-temperature (P-T) conditions of the Earth’s mantle attracted extensive interests. Combining the high P-T experimental and theoretical mineralogical results with seismic observations provides crucial constraints on the distribution of water in the Earth’s mantle. In this study, we summarize recent experimental and theoretical mineral physics results on how water affects the elasticity and sound velocity of nominally anhydrous minerals in the Earth’s mantle, which aims to provide new insights into the effect of hydration on the density and velocity profile of the Earth’s mantle, which are of particular importance in understanding of water distribution in the region.     

工程切坡诱发黄土滑坡成因机制研究

伴随着城镇化进程的提速,黄土地区由于工程切坡诱发了大量的工程滑坡。为了研究典型工程黄土滑坡的成因机制,以宝鸡市扶风县飞凤山滑坡为例,开展了野外地质灾害详细调查,同时进行原位渗水试验和原状黄土、古土壤试样土-水特征曲线测试。试验结果表明：当黄土存在小孔洞等结构性问题时,渗透系数可达10-4 cm/s量级,为中等渗透性等级;土-水特征曲线试验求得古土壤的进气值为11.5 kPa,大于黄土的9.0 kPa,同时曲线也显示了古土壤和黄土干湿交替过程中,强度和变形的演化出现分化。在试验结果分析基础上,指出工程切坡是滑坡发生的主要诱发因素,由此触发了土体一系列物理化学链锁反应,尤其是强化了土-水耦合作用的影响,催化了滑坡的发生。最后,提出了飞凤山滑坡的破坏模式为滑带双向发展、兼具滑塌灾害部分典型地质特征的渐进式破坏。     

An exploratory analysis of vegetation strategies to reduce shallow landslide activity on loess hillslopes,Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China

Heavy summer rainfall induces significant soil erosion and shallow landslide activity on the loess hillslopes of the Xining Basin at the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This study examines the mechanical effects of five native shrubs that can be used to reduce shallow landslide activity. We measured single root tensile resistance and shear resistance, root anatomical structure and direct shear and triaxial shear for soil without roots and five root- soil composite systems. Results show that Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. possessed the strongest roots, followed by Caragana korshinskii Kom., Zygophyllum xanthoxylon (Bunge) Maxim., Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. and Lycium chinense Mill. Single root strength and shear resistance relationships with root diameter are characterized by power or exponential relations, consistent with the Mohr- Coulomb law. Root mechanical strength reflects their anatomical structure, especially the percentage of phloem and xylem cells, and the degree and speed of periderm lignifications. The cohesion force of root- soil composite systems is notably higher than that of soil without roots, with increasing amplitudes of cohesion force for A. canescens, C. korshinskii, Z. xanthoxylon, N. tangutorum and L. chinense of 75.9%, 75.1%, 36.2%, 24.6% and 17.0 % respectively. When subjected to shear forces, the soil without root samples show much greater lateral deformation thanthe root-soil composite systems, reflecting the restraining effects of roots. Findings from this paper indicate that efforts to reduce shallow landslides in this region by enhancing root reinforcement will be achieved most effectively using A. canescens and C. korshinskii.     

地倾斜年变形态改变分析

2006年在清理核实云南省地震前兆观测数据过程中,发现澄江地震局水平摆仪2002年的观测数据与前后两年的差异较大,经过逐一落实,找出差异大的原因,揭示数据处理的重要性。     

滇东南地区晚二叠世吴家坪早期岩相古地理*

在对野外露头和钻孔资料分析基础之上,运用单因素分析多因素综合作图法,对滇东南地区晚二叠世吴家坪早期的岩相古地理进行了系统研究和编图,取得如下主要认识：（1）吴家坪早期研究区西部为康滇古陆,西南部为屏马—越北古陆,沉积相带自南西向北东展布,依次为沼泽—潮上带、潮间带、潮下带和局限浅海;（2）康滇古陆与屏马—越北古陆共同为研究区提供物源;（3）天生桥地区在晚二叠世吴家坪早期沉积厚度较大,构成盆地的沉积中心;（4）盆地中心位于研究区的东北部,水体较深;（5）滇东南地区铝土矿主要分布于潮下带和局限浅海上部,该相带发育的地区应是今后滇东南地区的主要找矿远景区。