西部地区生态状况变化及生态系统服务权衡与协同

西部大开发战略实施20年以来,一系列重大生态建设工程使得西部地区的生态状况和生态服务发生了重要变化,本文分析西部地区生态状况变化及其生态服务时空变化特征,并运用相关分析法研究其服务功能权衡协同关系。研究发现西部地区2000—2019年间：① 聚落和湿地生态系统面积显著增加,草地有逐年下降趋势。② 植被覆盖度呈波动上升趋势,存在年际差异且空间差异较大。③ 水源涵养服务有轻微下降趋势,下降区域主要分布在藏东南地区、三江源西部地区、喀斯特石漠化地区等;土壤保持服务波动中呈上升趋势,上升区域主要黄土高原地区、川滇西部地区、藏西北地区、藏东南地区等;防风固沙服务呈下降趋势,大幅下降区域主要位于内蒙古中西部地区、西藏和北疆部分地区。④ 生态系统供给与水源涵养、土壤保持主要为协同关系,与防风固沙主要为权衡关系且分布在农牧交错带地区。⑤ 生态工程区内生态系统服务协同程度大于非工程区。定量评估生态系统服务变化及其权衡协同关系有助于进行科学化生态管理,最大化生态效益。     

基于矩阵分解的平差解算方法研究

首先分析了法方程稳定性对平差解算结果的影响。为减弱法方程对平差解算结果的影响,采用矩阵分解方法直接对系数矩阵进行矩阵分解,以求解最小二乘最小范数解替代原来最小二乘的法矩阵求逆运算,从而克服法方程求逆造成的解算稳定性差和病态性问题。实验分析结果表明基于矩阵分解的平差解算精度和可靠性较优。     

GPS-based regional ionospheric models and their suitability in Antarctica

There are a number of ionospheric models available for research and application, such as the polynomial model, generalized trigonometric series function model, low degree spherical harmonic function model, adjusted spherical harmonic function model, and spherical cap harmonic function analysis. Using observations from more than 40 continuously operating stations across Antarctica in 2010, ifve models are compared with regard to their precision and applicability to polar regions. The results show that all the models perform well in Antarctica with 0.1 TECU of residual mean value and 2 TECU of root mean square error.     

土地环境质量综合评价模型的建立——以山东半岛蓝色经济区为例

依据多目标区域地球化学调查资料,对土地环境质量综合评价方法进行探讨,建立评价模型。提出土地环境质量综合评价是土壤内部指标分等、外部指标定级,整合全部评价因素的新观点。采用相关系数、半方差函数进行指标筛选,层次分析法确定参评指标权重,通过隶属度函数模型将土壤不同含量单位的指标纳入同一评价体系形成内部因素,叠加区域地下水、农作物质量等外部因素,建立土地质量综合评价模型。根据模型对山东半岛蓝色经济区土地环境质量进行综合评价,结果表明:山东半岛土地可分为优质、优良、良好、中、差5等20级,其中可作绿色(111和121级)及无公害(211和221级)食品生产基地的土地占62.60%;需农业种植结构调整的512和522级土地面积267.54km2,多位于矿区(金矿、石墨矿、铜铁矿)周边或紧邻城镇地带。土地环境质量综合评价方法及模型的建立对山东其他地区基本农田保护和土地质量等级划分具有一定借鉴意义。     

Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns, and caus-es of land-use changes in China since the late 1980s

Land-use/land-cover changes (LUCCs) have links to both human and nature interactions. China's Land-Use/cover Datasets (CLUDs) were updated regularly at 5-year intervals from the late 1980s to 2010,with standard procedures based on Landsat TM\ETM+ images. A land-use dynamic regionalization method was proposed to analyze major land-use conversions. The spatiotemporal characteristics,differences,and causes of land-use changes at a national scale were then examined. The main findings are summarized as follows. Land-use changes (LUCs) across China indicated a significant variation in spatial and temporal characteristics in the last 20 years (1990-2010). The area of cropland change decreased in the south and increased in the north,but the total area remained almost unchanged. The reclaimed cropland was shifted from the northeast to the northwest. The built-up lands expanded rapidly,were mainly distributed in the east,and gradually spread out to central and western China. Woodland decreased first,and then increased,but desert area was the opposite. Grassland continued decreasing. Different spatial patterns of LUC in China were found between the late 20th century and the early 21st century. The original 13 LUC zones were replaced by 15 units with changes of boundaries in some zones. The main spatial characteristics of these changes included (1) an accelerated expansion of built-up land in the Huang-Huai-Hai region,the southeastern coastal areas,the midstream area of the Yangtze River,and the Sichuan Basin;(2) shifted land reclamation in the north from northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia to the oasis agricultural areas in northwest China;(3) continuous transformation from rain-fed farmlands in northeast China to paddy fields;and (4) effectiveness of the "Grain for Green" project in the southern agricultural-pastoral ecotones of Inner Mongolia,the Loess Plateau,and southwestern mountainous areas. In the last two decades,although climate change in the north affected the change in cropland,policy regulation and economic driving forces were still the primary causes of LUC across China. During the first decade of the 21st century,the anthropogenic factors that drove variations in land-use patterns have shifted the emphasis from one-way land development to both development and conservation.The "dynamic regionalization method" was used to analyze changes in the spatial patterns of zoning boundaries,the internal characteristics of zones,and the growth and decrease of units. The results revealed "the pattern of the change process," namely the process of LUC and regional differences in characteristics at different stages. The growth and decrease of zones during this dynamic LUC zoning,variations in unit boundaries,and the characteristics of change intensities between the former and latter decades were examined. The patterns of alternative transformation between the "pattern" and "process" of land use and the causes for changes in different types and different regions of land use were explored.     

全球导航卫星系统发展综述

全球导航卫星系统及其应用领域在不断地扩大和深化。本文着重介绍了当前全球卫星导航系统及其应用技术的现状、发展趋势和应用前景。同时,对这几种导航系统进行综合对比,分析了全球背景下我国北斗卫星导航系统所面临的机遇和挑战,并对未来工作提出一些建议。     

不同剪切作用下CMC水溶液的微观结构研究

针对聚合物钻井液重要组分之一的羧甲基纤维素钠盐(CMC),考虑钻井液在井底钻头与环空处所受的不同剪切作用,测试了其水溶液在相应近似剪切作用(分别为600,6 000 r/min)下的流变性,并结合冷冻干燥方法,利用扫描电子显微镜观测了这两种剪切作用后CMC水溶液相应的微观结构.结果表明高速剪切作用使CMC水溶液的空间网络骨架拉伸变细,甚至破坏,溶液黏度有所降低,流动性增大.这样,热量更容易通过这些网络骨架,使充填其中的小分子物质以热传导、对流传热等方式传递到钻屑表面,分解钻屑表面的水合物.水合物分解产生的气体和水则以分子扩散的形武向内向外进行传质,但会受到钻井液微观骨架结构和其中填充物质的阻碍.     

新疆东天山觉罗塔格地区自然铜矿化玄武岩的成岩年代及其地质意义

新疆觉罗塔格地区自然铜矿化玄武岩沿着阿齐库都克深大断裂北侧分布,前人对其成岩年代一直存在争议.本文测得玄武岩条带中部的黑尖山玄武岩同岩浆期锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为306.2±4.0Ma;测得东部东尖峰玄武岩的同岩浆期锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄为308.9±5.8Ma,确定了玄武岩是晚石炭世的岩浆作用,且归属于晚石炭世马头滩组.与觉罗塔格地区著名的晚石炭世-早二叠世铜镍矿化基性-超基性岩成因对比表明,该晚石炭世玄武岩与之具有共同岩浆源区特征,它们都是觉罗塔格地区晚石炭世-早二叠世岩石圈地幔深部受热熔融而形成岩浆作用.马头滩组玄武岩层是自然铜矿化的重要矿源层.     

大同县孔隙地下水富集规律研究

为了更合理的开发和保护大同县的地下水资源,在综合研究大同县地质环境条件及地下水勘察资料的基础上,分析了大同县孔隙地下水富集规律及其影响因素,并对大同县孔隙地下水进行了富水性分区。本研究对大同县地下水资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。     

临清坳陷中二叠世古地理恢复

临清坳陷是一个中一新生代的断陷盆地,多期断层活动、多套生储盖组合、多种圈闭类型的地质条件,决定了临清坳陷可形成多类型的油气藏,具有良好的油气勘探前景。以临清坳陷中二叠世沉积地层为主要研究对象,观察钻井取心,详细分析测井标志,建立等时地层格架,基于等时地层格架进行古地理的恢复。研究表明,研究区共划分为2个层序,层序1为河控浅水三角洲环境,层序2过渡为内陆河流环境,对该区的勘探工作及勘探实践具有重要的理论和现实意义。