全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1800篇 |
免费 | 90篇 |
国内免费 | 38篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 50篇 |
大气科学 | 136篇 |
地球物理 | 353篇 |
地质学 | 710篇 |
海洋学 | 118篇 |
天文学 | 410篇 |
综合类 | 10篇 |
自然地理 | 141篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 7篇 |
2022年 | 10篇 |
2021年 | 47篇 |
2020年 | 38篇 |
2019年 | 41篇 |
2018年 | 52篇 |
2017年 | 54篇 |
2016年 | 59篇 |
2015年 | 55篇 |
2014年 | 53篇 |
2013年 | 106篇 |
2012年 | 70篇 |
2011年 | 84篇 |
2010年 | 92篇 |
2009年 | 131篇 |
2008年 | 96篇 |
2007年 | 111篇 |
2006年 | 91篇 |
2005年 | 61篇 |
2004年 | 90篇 |
2003年 | 58篇 |
2002年 | 63篇 |
2001年 | 51篇 |
2000年 | 41篇 |
1999年 | 41篇 |
1998年 | 45篇 |
1997年 | 20篇 |
1996年 | 17篇 |
1995年 | 25篇 |
1994年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 5篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 8篇 |
1984年 | 15篇 |
1983年 | 9篇 |
1982年 | 11篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1977年 | 9篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有1928条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
72.
Community‐Derived Standards for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐(Th‐)Pb Geochronology – Uncertainty Propagation,Age Interpretation and Data Reporting 下载免费PDF全文
Matthew S. A. Horstwood George Gehrels Simon E. Jackson Noah M. McLean Chad Paton Norman J. Pearson Keith Sircombe Paul Sylvester Pieter Vermeesch James F. Bowring Daniel J. Condon Blair Schoene 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2016,40(3):311-332
The LA‐ICP‐MS U‐(Th‐)Pb geochronology international community has defined new standards for the determination of U‐(Th‐)Pb ages. A new workflow defines the appropriate propagation of uncertainties for these data, identifying random and systematic components. Only data with uncertainties relating to random error should be used in weighted mean calculations of population ages; uncertainty components for systematic errors are propagated after this stage, preventing their erroneous reduction. Following this improved uncertainty propagation protocol, data can be compared at different uncertainty levels to better resolve age differences. New reference values for commonly used zircon, monazite and titanite reference materials are defined (based on ID‐TIMS) after removing corrections for common lead and the effects of excess 230Th. These values more accurately reflect the material sampled during the determination of calibration factors by LA‐ICP‐MS analysis. Recommendations are made to graphically represent data only with uncertainty ellipses at 2s and to submit or cite validation data with sample data when submitting data for publication. New data‐reporting standards are defined to help improve the peer‐review process. With these improvements, LA‐ICP‐MS U‐(Th‐)Pb data can be considered more robust, accurate, better documented and quantified, directly contributing to their improved scientific interpretation. 相似文献
73.
74.
ME Alexander CA Simon CL Griffiths K Peters S Sibanda S Miza 《African Journal of Marine Science》2016,38(1):141-144
Biological invasions continue to increase around the world, with impacts on many coastal marine systems. Here we review the South African marine invasion literature which, despite the field being relatively new, has grown to have significant presence in both the local and international arenas. Of the 79 papers reviewed, 70% focused on the establishment and spread of alien species, with modes of transport and introduction largely overlooked. An emphasis was also apparent towards field studies, in particular survey work, with few experimental studies. The overwhelming majority of papers focused on a single species, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, reflecting the scale of this invasion and the tractable nature of rocky shores as study systems. With the exception of this one species, the impacts of marine alien species have rarely been quantified. We suggest that future research extends the taxonomic coverage of present work and develops a better understanding of the mechanisms of introduction, establishment and spread of marine alien species. Through an experimental approach, the drivers of altered ecological patterns and processes resulting from invasions should be addressed, providing insight into associated impacts. This approach will maintain the local applicability and international relevance of South African marine invasion research. 相似文献
75.
76.
77.
Hydrogeology Journal - The close link between land use and groundwater has long been recognised, but not widely translated into integrated policy and management practices. Common understanding is... 相似文献
78.
Stephen Foster Antonio Pulido-Bosch Ángela Vallejos Luis Molina Armando Llop Alan M. MacDonald 《Hydrogeology Journal》2018,26(8):2781-2791
Intensive irrigated agriculture substantially modifies the hydrological cycle and often has major environmental impacts. The article focuses upon a specific concern—the tendency for progressive long-term increases in the salinity of groundwater recharge derived from irrigated permeable soils and replenishment of unconfined aquifers in more arid regions. This process has received only scant attention in the water-resource literature and has not been considered by agricultural science. This work makes an original contribution by analysing, from scientific principles, how the salinisation of groundwater recharge arises and identifies the factors affecting its severity. If not proactively managed, the process eventually will impact irrigation waterwell salinity, the productivity of agriculture itself, and can even lead to land abandonment. The types of management measure required for mitigation are discussed through three detailed case histories of areas with high-value groundwater-irrigated agriculture (in Spain, Argentina and Pakistan), which provide a long-term perspective on the evolution of the problem over various decades. 相似文献
79.
Luke Daly Phil A. Bland Svetlana Tessalina David W. Saxey Steven M. Reddy Denis Fougerouse William D.A. Rickard Lucy V. Forman Alexandre La Fontaine Julie M. Cairney Simon P. Ringer Bruce F. Schaefer Daniel Schwander 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2018,42(3):279-299
Atom probe microscopy (APM) is a relatively new in situ tool for measuring isotope fractions from nanoscale volumes (< 0.01 μm3). We calculate the theoretical detectable difference of an isotope ratio measurement result from APM using counting statistics of a hypothetical data set to be ± 4δ or 0.4% (2s). However, challenges associated with APM measurements (e.g., peak ranging, hydride formation and isobaric interferences), result in larger uncertainties if not properly accounted for. We evaluate these factors for Re‐Os isotope ratio measurements by comparing APM and negative thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (N‐TIMS) measurement results of pure Os, pure Re, and two synthetic Re‐Os‐bearing alloys from Schwander et al. (2015, Meteoritics and Planetary Science, 50, 893) [the original metal alloy (HSE) and alloys produced by heating HSE within silicate liquid (SYN)]. From this, we propose a current best practice for APM Re‐Os isotope ratio measurements. Using this refined approach, mean APM and N‐TIMS 187Os/189Os measurement results agree within 0.05% and 2s (pure Os), 0.6–2% and 2s (SYN) and 5–10% (HSE). The good agreement of N‐TIMS and APM 187Os/189Os measurements confirms that APM can extract robust isotope ratios. Therefore, this approach permits nanoscale isotope measurements of Os‐bearing alloys using the Re‐Os geochronometer that could not be measured by conventional measurement principles. 相似文献
80.
Shane?M.?RooyakkersEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Colin?J.?N.?Wilson C.?Ian?Schipper Simon?J.?Barker Aidan?S.?R.?Allan 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2018,173(5):35
Quenched juvenile mafic inclusions (enclaves) are an occasional but informative component in the deposits of large felsic eruptions. Typically, the groundmasses of these inclusions rapidly crystallize as the mafic magma is chilled against a more voluminous, cooler felsic host, providing a physical and chemical record of the nature and timing of mafic–felsic interactions. We examine mafic inclusions of two compositional lineages (tholeiitic and calc-alkaline) from deposits of the 25.4 ka Oruanui eruption (Taupo, New Zealand). 2-D quantitative textural data from analysis of back-scattered electron images reveal a marked diversity in the groundmass textures of the inclusions, including median crystal sizes (amphibole: 14–45 µm; plagioclase: 21–75 µm) and aspect ratios (amphibole: 1.7–4.2; plagioclase: 2.1–4.0), area number densities (amphibole: 122–2660 mm?2; plagioclase: 117–2990 mm?2), area fractions (?) of minerals (?plag?=?23–45%, ?amph?=?0–28%, ?cpx?=?0–6%, ?oxides?=?0.6–5.5%), and the relative abundance of plagioclase and amphibole (?plag/?amph?=?1.0–4.6). Textural parameters vary more significantly within, rather than between, the two compositional lineages, and in some cases show marked variations across individual clasts, implying that each inclusion’s cooling history, rather than bulk composition, was the dominant control on textural development. Groundmass mineral compositions are also diverse both within and between inclusions (e.g. plagioclase from An34–92, with typical intra-clast variability of ~?20 mol%), and do not correlate with bulk chemistry. Diverse groundmass textures and mineral and glass chemistries are inferred to reflect complex interplay of a range of factors including the degree and rate of undercooling, bulk composition, water content and, possibly, intensive variables. Our data are inconsistent with breakup of a crystallizing ponded mafic layer at the base of the Oruanui melt-dominant body, instead implying that each inclusion partially crystallized as a discrete body with a unique cooling history. Extensive ingestion of mush-derived macro-crystals suggests that mechanical breakup of mafic feeder dikes occurred within a transition zone between the mush and melt-dominant magma body. In this zone, the mush lacked yield strength, as has been inferred from field studies of narrow (meters to few tens of meters) mush-melt transition zones preserved in composite intrusions. Evidence for plastic deformation of inclusions during eruption and the abundance of fresh residual glass in inclusions from all eruptive phases suggest that the inclusions formed syn-eruptively, and must have been formed recurrently at multiple stages throughout the eruption. 相似文献