Geologische Probleme bei der Anlage von Naturschutzgebieten

Zusammenfassung Der gestaltende Naturschutz bezweckt eine Verbesserung bzw. Regeneration gefährdeter oder zerstörter Biotope, besonders der Feuchtbiotope.Die Schaffung solcher Biotope, die im allgemeinen mit der Anlage einer Wasserfläche eingeleitet wird, erfordert vor allem eine geologische Beurteilung des Baugrundes und der Wasserführung. Für eine möglichst effektive Erstellung müssen darüber hinaus schon bei der Planung die regionalgeologischen Gegebenheiten berücksichtigt werden.Als besonders kostengünstig erweist sich die Verwendung bereits vorhandener Hohlformen vor allem aufgelassener Tagebaubetriebe. Diese können, besonders bei schwierigen geotechnischen Verhältnissen, als Naturschutzgebiete weitaus effektiver und kostengünstiger rekultiviert werden als nach den herkömmlichen Zielsetzungen.Auf Grund dieser Erfahrungen werden geowissenschaftliche Kriterien für die Auswahl von Naturschutzflächen zusammengestellt. Es wird vorgeschlagen, potentielle Naturschutzgebiete in Zusammenarbeit mit Rohstoffsicherung und Landschaftsplanung systematisch zu erfassen und vergleichend zu bewerten.

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Formative natural protection aims at a melioration or a regeneration of endangered or destructed biotopes, especially humid biotopes.Establishing those biotopes generally begins with laying-out a surface of water. This requires a geological examination of soil and groundwater conditions. For a most effective management the regional geological context must be considered as early as during planning.The use of already existent excavations, particularly abandoned open pits, proves most favourable economically. Especially in cases of difficult geotechnical conditions open pits can be recultivated far more effectively and less expensively as for tradional purposes.Based on this experiences geoscientific criteria for the choice of areas for natural protection are listed. It is proposed to systematically register and comparatively value areas for natural protection with respect to securing of resources and regional planning.

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Résumé La protection organisée de la nature a pour but une amélioration, voire une régénération de biotopes en danger ou bien détruits, en particulier des biotopes humides.La création de tels biotopes, débutant en général par la mise en place d'une surface d'eau, nécessite avant tout une analyse géologique du terrain d'installation et de l'alimentation en eau. Pour un aménagement aussi effectif que possible il faut en plus, déjà pendant la planification, tenir compte des données géologiques régionales.L'utilisation d'excavations déjà existantes, et surtout d'exploitations à ciel ouvert non comblées, s'avère particulièrement économiques. Celles-ci peuvent, surtout dans des conditions géotechniques difficiles, être récultivées beaucoup plus effectivement et à meilleur marché en en faisant des réserves naturelles plutôt qu'en visant les buts traditionnels.A partir de ces expériences, des critères géoscientifiques sont rassemblés en vue du choix d'emplacements de réserves naturelles. Il est proposé de faire le recensement systématique et de donner appréciation comparative des réserves naturelles en puissance en liaison avec l'approvisionnement en matériaux et une planification régionale.

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Facies differentiation caused by wrench deformation along a deep-seated fault system (León line, Cantabrian Mountains, North Spain)

The “León line” is a deep-seated fault system in the Variscan orogen of the Canta-brian Mountains. This fault system appears to have been active at least from the early Devonian to the end of the Carboniferous. Vertical as well as horizontal movements resulted in a strikingly different development of facies conditions to the north and south of the Leon line.     

Hydraulics of recirculating well pairs for ground water remediation

Recirculating well pairs are a proven means of implementing bioremediation and may also be useful for applying other in situ ground water remediation technologies. A bromide tracer test was performed to characterize the hydraulic performance of a recirculating well pair installed at Moffett Field, California. In particular, we estimate two important properties of the recirculating well pair: (1) the fraction of captured water that is recycled between the wells, and (2) the travel-time distribution of ground water in the induced zone of recirculation. We also develop theoretical estimates of these two properties and demonstrate they depend upon a dimensionless pumping rate, denoted xi. The bromide breakthrough curve predicted from theory agrees well with that determined experimentally at Moffett Field. The minimum travel time between the wells is denoted t(min). In theory, t(min) depends inversely on Q, the pumping rate in the recirculating wells, and is proportional to a2, the square of the distance between the wells. Both the experimental and theoretical travel-time distributions indicate that at least half the recirculating water travels between the wells along fast flowpaths (travel time < 2*t(min)). Therefore, when designing recirculating well pairs, engineers should ensure that t(min) will be sufficiently high to allow biologically mediated reactions (or other in situ remediation processes) sufficient time to proceed.     

Injection-extraction treatment well pairs: an alternative to permeable reactive barriers

Two of the biggest drawbacks of using permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) to treat contaminated ground water are the high capital cost of installation, particularly when the contaminated ground water is deep below ground surface, and the uncertainty of whether or not PRBs remain effective for the long time scales (e.g., decades) needed for many contaminant plumes. The use of an injection-extraction treatment well pair (IETWP) for capture and treatment of contaminated ground water can circumvent these difficulties, while still providing many of the same advantages offered by PRBs. In this paper, the hydraulics of IETWPs and PRBs are compared, focusing primarily on the width of the captured plume. It is demonstrated that IETWPs act as hydraulic barriers in a manner similar to PRBs, and that IETWPs provide excellent plume capture. A mathematical expression is presented for the plume capture width of an IETWP oriented perpendicular to the ground water flow direction in a homogeneous aquifer. Also discussed are other practical considerations that might determine whether an IETWP is better suited than a PRB for a particular contaminated site; these considerations include operating and maintenance costs, and the conditions under which an IETWP system can be used for in situ remediation.     

Electrogeochemical sampling with

A periodically synchronous scheme suitable for coupling atmosphere and ocean models with high internal variability is presented. The performance of the scheme is tested by means of a simple zero-dimensional non-linear energy balance model with stochastic forcing. The equilibrium behaviour and the response to changes in the model parameters are analysed. The response experiments are similar to CO₂ doubling and transient CO₂ experiments. The best results are obtained using a method with weighted means of the air-sea fluxes which are calculated during the synchronously coupled periods.     

Techniques for asynchronous and periodically synchronous coupling of atmosphere and ocean models

A periodically synchronous scheme suitable for coupling atmosphere and ocean models with high internal variability is presented. The performance of the scheme is tested by means of a simple zero-dimensional non-linear energy balance model with stochastic forcing. The equilibrium behaviour and the response to changes in the model parameters are analysed. The response experiments are similar to CO₂ doubling and transient CO₂ experiments. The best results are obtained using a method with weighted means of the air-sea fluxes which are calculated during the synchronously coupled periods.     

Growth of homogeneously nucleated water droplets: a quantitative comparison of experiment and theory

The formation of aerosols proceeds through nucleation, growth and aging stages. The understanding of nucleation and droplet growth is essential for handling the more complex atmospheric condensation processes. To achieve this goal, measurements of the nucleation rate of various systems are performed in an expansion chamber. In this manner nucleation and growth are decoupled by applying a short nucleation pulse of about 1 ms during which the nuclei are formed. The subsequent droplet growth is quantitatively monitored by Mie-scattering. To this end, the Mie-maxima and -minima are detected as a function of time and compared to theoretical Mie-scattering calculations for increasing radii. In this fashion, a wealth of growth curves for pure water depending on supersaturations, number densities of droplets, and temperatures were obtained. Following the approach of Fuchs and Sutugin [Fuchs, N.A., Sutugin, A.G., 1970. Highly Dispersed Aerosols. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor; Fuchs, N.A., Sutugin, A.G., 1971. In: Hidy, G.M., Brock, J.R. (Eds.), International Reviews in Aerosol Physics and Chemistry: Topics in Current Aerosol Research (Part 2), Pergamon, New York, p. 1], we calculated theoretical growth curves taking into account the depletion of water vapor, the increase of droplet- and system-temperature, temperature-dependent functions of the diffusion coefficient, surface tension, liquid density and latent heat of condensation. The calculated growth curves and experimental data for 230, 240 and 250 K with number densities of droplets between 5×10² and 2×10⁶ droplets/cm³ yield quantitative agreement between theory and experiment. This is remarkable in so far as the theory contains no adjustable parameters and assumes the sticking probability of the vapor molecules to be unity. Using a sticking probability smaller than 0.8 in the calculation leads to growth functions already outside the experimental error.