Linear waves in a radiating and scattering grey medium

The equation of radiative acoustics is derived by taking into account the effect of a non-transverse magnetic field, and the solutions are schematically represented. The main results shown in Paper I and Paper II are valid even in the presence of a non-transverse magnetic field, and the only difference is that theadiabatic, isothermal, andisentropic speeds of sound and theradiation-acoustic speed in Paper I which respectively correspond to theadiabatic, isothermal, andisentropic magnetoacoustic speeds and theradiation-magnetoacoustic speed in Paper II are replaced by the sets of speeds ofadiabatic, isothermal, isentropic, andradiation-acoustic fast andslow waves, respectively.     

湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床的金矿化作用研究:基于元素地球化学特征和自然金的热力学模拟分析

湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床是江南造山带中金、锑、钨、均达到大型规模的典型矿床,其自然金的金成色值极高(＞998)。本文聚焦湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床中金矿化作用,通过ICP- MS测试和包裹体显微测温实验查明不同矿物与围岩的元素地球化学特征和成矿流体特征,并通过热力学模拟分析自然金的成矿条件,探讨金成色值及金银比值对金矿化的指示作用和研究价值。ICP- MS测试结果显示,金银比值在白钨矿(103~520)和黄铁矿(69~673)中相对较高,在辉锑矿(6~65)和围岩(0. 3~35)中相对较低,在石英(6~199)中则变化较大。基于包裹体显微测温结果(200~350℃),本文建立了自然金成矿流体的热力学模型,分析并查明在黄铁矿与绢云母共生的自然金成矿流体中,硫离子浓度比温度更容易影响金溶解度,且金成色值主要与温度呈正相关,与硫离子浓度呈负相关。通过对比研究和讨论,认为沃溪矿床大量金矿化可能形成于温度较高和硫离子浓度较低的白钨矿成矿流体中,而极高成色值的自然金可能与高金银比值的白钨矿和黄铁矿共生。上述方法和结论可为其他金矿床的研究提供新思路。     

Investigation of cutting methods for small samples of Hayabusa and future sample return missions

We report the investigation of cutting methods for Hayabusa samples. The purpose of our study is to explore the possibility of applying multiple analyses to a single particle effectively. We investigated the cutting performance of a blade dicing saw, laser, focused ion beam (FIB), and physical breaking by microindenter. Cutting performance was examined by estimating the aspect ratio of the cut slit, i.e., depth over width of the slit. We also investigated the possible contamination and sample damage by cutting. The result of the investigation shows that we can cut the samples from <50 μm to 500 μm using those methods with aspect ratios from 10 to 20, although they would introduce some contamination or damage to the samples. Our investigations also provide an important basis for the analysis of samples obtained by future sample return missions.     

Adaptive methods to solve free boundary problems of flow through porous media

Grid adaptive methods combined with domain adaptation are discussed for two-dimensional seepage flow problems with free boundaries through porous media. Examples of grid and domain adaptive methods are presented to demonstrate several ways to predict grids and shapes of free boundaries using an iterative scheme. Finally, the combined adaptive methods are applied to obtain smooth non-oscillatory shape of a free boundary of seepage flow through non-homogeneous porous media.     

Alkali (Rb/K) abundances in Allende barred-olivine chondrules: Implications for the melting conditions of chondrules

Abstract— In order to study abundances of alkali metals in chondrules, 25 petrographically characterized chondrules, including 18 barred olivine (BO) chondrules from the Allende (CV3) meteorite, were analyzed for alkalis (K and Rb) and alkaline earths (Sr, Ba, Ca and Mg) by mass spectrometric isotope dilution. Most BO chondrules with higher alkalis (>CI level) have nearly CI-chondritic Rb/K ratios, while those with lower alkalis clearly show higher Rb/K ratios than the CI-chondritic. In general, BO chondrules with higher Rb/K exhibit more depletion of alkalis relative to Ca. The mean olivine Fa for individual chondrules positively correlates with bulk alkali concentrations in BO type but not in porphyritic type chondrules. These observations suggest that some BO chondrules formed from more reducing assemblages of precursor minerals, which experienced more intensive vaporization losses of alkalis, accompanied by Rb/K fractionation, during the chondrule-formation melting.     

The infrared variability of a dust model for Seyfert galaxies

Assuming a dust model of Reeset al. (1969), we study the time dependence of the infrared emission from grains which absorb variable ultraviolet radiation. A time scale for the variability is shown to be fairly small compared with the light travel-time across the infrared emitting region, of which size depends on the wavelength strongly. Comparison of calculated infrared light curves with observations of NGC 4151 leads to the conclusion that the variability at 2.2 is consistent with interpretation by the infrared emission on the basis of thermal process.     

Hydrological and hydrogeological characterization of groundwater and river water in the North Hanoi industrial area,Vietnam

Degradation of groundwater quality by human activities is a widespread environmental problem in Vietnam. Groundwater there is a major source of water for domestic and industrial purposes. This paper reviews, compiles, and comprehensively analyzes spatiotemporal variations of hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of shallow and deep groundwater aquifers in northern Hanoi industrial zones and in nearby Red River water. Groundwater level, electrical conductivity, and water temperature were measured in six monitoring wells, complemented by anion, cation, and stable isotope analyses of ground and surface water. The results show that the groundwater in both shallow and deep aquifers was fresh, but mainly calcium-bicarbonate type contaminants and human activities affect groundwater and surface water composition. With the goal of devising sustainable water use regulations, more research must be directed toward long-term monitoring of groundwater and surface water quality, as well as toward detailed investigation of the hydraulic characteristics of local aquifers in the study area.     

Tetrad effects in REE abundance patterns of chondrules from CM meteorites: Implications for aqueous alteration on the CM parent asteroid

Lanthanide tetrad effect in bulk chondrules from two moderately altered CM chondrites, Murchison and Yamato-793321 (Y-793321), are reported for the first time. Twenty-three chondrules were petrographically characterized and analyzed for 10 rare earth elements (REE) and other trace and major elements (Ba, Sr, Rb, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) using the precise isotope dilution technique. The results indicate systematic depletion (several times) of alkali and alkaline earths compared to CV and CO chondrules. Most of the porphyritic olivine (8 PO) and olivine-pyroxene (4 POP), porphyritic and radial pyroxene (2 PP, 1 RP), and granular olivine (1 GO) chondrules show a light-REE (L-REE) depleted, heavy-REE (H-REE) smoothly fractionated pattern composed of four (upward convex) segments possessing a relatively large negative Eu anomaly (CI-normalized La/Sm, Lu/Er and Eu/Eu* ratios = 0.3-1: Eu*, normal value). On the other hand, all barred-olivine (5 BO) chondrules, a few PO and POP indicate almost a flat L-REE pattern. In addition, regardless of their textural types, nearly half of the chondrules have a variable degree of Ce and Yb anomalies, and/or L/H-REE discontinuity, which is similar to CV and CO chondrules. The observed L- and H-convex REE patterns accompanied with the negative Eu anomaly is the first known case for chondrules as well as meteoritic materials, but have been previously reported for geological samples such as sedimentary rocks, late stage igneous and metamorphic rocks, and are explained as the lanthanide tetrad effect, which plausibly results from fluid-rock interaction. We suggest that the marked REE fractionations occurred by the selective incorporation of L-, H-REEs and Eu into alteration products in the matrix during alteration processes on the CM parent body, but that the gas/solid REE fractionation characteristics established in the nebula have basically remained unchanged. We suggest that the tetrad effects observed here represent a new index of physico-chemical conditions of fluid-rock interactions prevalent on the CM parent body.     

The comoving-frame equation of radiative transfer in relativistic flows

The comoving-frame equations of radiative transfer and moment equations to accurate terms of all orders inv/c are derived in the modified Lagrangian form. The equations exactly describe the interaction of radiation with matter in a relativistically moving medium in flat or curved spacetime. Two specialized sets of equations are presented: (1) the equation of radiative transfer and moment equations accurate to terms of second order (v ²/c ²), and (2) the transfer equation and moment equations for a radial flow in curved spacetime with the Schwarzschild-type metric.     

Silicate darkening in the Kobe CK chondrite: Evidence for shock metamorphism at high temperature

Abstract— The Kobe CK4 chondrite, like most metamorphosed CK chondrites, exhibits pronounced silicate darkening of matrix and chondrule mesostases. Our petrographic and scanning electron microscopic study reveals that the matrix of Kobe consists mostly of intermixtures of two types of fine‐grained olivine. One forms subhedral to anhedral normal crystals. The other fills interstices of the subhedral to anhedral olivine crystals, exhibiting a complex network of veinlets. The latter type of olivine contains high densities of small spherical vesicles (<0.05‐3 μm in diameter) and grains (<0.05‐5 μm) of magnetite and pentlandite as well as round to anhedral grains (1–10 μm) of plagioclase, low‐Ca pyroxene, diopside and chlorapatite. The vesicular olivine is particularly abundant in regions of matrix that exhibit a relatively high degree of darkening and commonly fills chondrule mesostases. The vesicular olivine is clearly the principal cause of the silicate darkening in Kobe. The internal texture of the vesicular olivine closely resembles those of local melts produced from the matrices of experimentally and naturally shocked carbonaceous chondrites. The occurrence and texture of the vesicular olivine suggest that it resulted from recrystallization of partially melted matrix olivine by shock. Kobe exhibits light shock effects in olivine that are consistent with shock stage S2 that is too low to explain the occurrence of olivine melting. We suggest that the vesicular olivine in Kobe was produced by shock metamorphism at a relatively mild shock pressure (<25 GPa) and a high temperature (>600 °C). Thus, it is probable that the shock effects in olivine, manifest as fracturing and deformation, were relatively minor, but heating was strong enough to cause partial melting of matrix olivine.