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41.
Mauro Celussi Alessandro Paoli Erica Crevatin Andrea Bergamasco Francesca Margiotta Vincenzo Saggiomo Serena Fonda Umani Paola Del Negro 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009,81(4):491-500
During the 2006 Italian Antarctic expedition a diel sampling was performed close to Cape Hallett (Ross Sea) during the Austral summer. Under-ice seawater samples (4 m) were collected every 2 h for 28 h in order to estimate prokaryotic processes' variability and community structure dynamics. Prokaryotic and viral abundances, exoenzymatic activities (β-glucosidase, chitinase, lipase, alkaline phosphatase and leucine aminopeptidase), prokaryotic carbon production (3H-leucine incorporation) and community structure (Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis – DGGE fingerprints) were analysed. Results showed that the diel variability of the prokaryotic activity followed a variation in salinity, probably as a consequence of the periodical thawing of sea ice (driven by solar radiation and air temperature cycles), while negligible variation in viral and prokaryotic abundances occurred. The Bacterial and Archaeal community structures underwent an Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) temporal shift from the beginning to the end of the sampling, while Flavobacteria-specific primers highlighted high variations in this group possibly related to sea ice melting and substrate release. 相似文献
42.
A. Dal Negro S. Carbonin C. Domeneghetti G. M. Molin A. Cundari E. M. Piccirillo 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1984,86(3):221-229
A clinopyroxene suite from lherzolite inclusions associated with the Victorian (Australia) “Newer Volcanics” has been investigated
with the aim of understanding the clinopyroxene crystal-chemical response to increasing temperature (e.g. a melting model
and/or crystallization processes prevailing at high pressure).
The M1 clinopyroxene polyhedron dominates the intracrystalline physical-chemical variations, essentially given by the triple
substitution AlVIFe
M1
2
Ti4+⇌Cr3+ Fe3+Mg
M1
2+
corresponding to an increase in the volume of M1 with increasing Mg/Mg+Fe2+ (mg) for the clinopyroxene. A relative Ca2+ increase in M2 ensures the necessary charge balance. However, Na+ occupancy of M2 persists to the highest mg values, i.e. maximum thermal stability, where the volume of M2 is the largest due to Fe
M2
2+
depletion. The variations of M1 and M2 volumes are greater than, and opposite to, the variations in the volume of T (tetrahedron)
by factors of ca. 3 and 1.5, respectively. Inclusions with relatively low clinopyroxene content (Mt. Porndon specimens) show
distinct intracrystalline variations, essentially reflecting lower AlVI, i.e. higher volume of M1, and implying a lower pressure regime compared to clinopyroxene-rich analogues (Mt. Leura specimens).
The intracrystalline relationships of the Mt. Porndon clinopyroxene suggest that the host peridotite inclusions survived larger
degree of mantle melting at shallower depths relative to the Leura analogues. 相似文献
43.
S. Carbonin F. Martignago G. Menegazzo A. Dal Negro 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2002,29(8):503-514
Two MgAl2O4 stoichiometric spinel crystals, one natural and one synthetic, were heated from 25 to 950 °C and studied in situ by single-crystal
X-ray diffraction. The natural crystal, quenched from 850 °C, was further heated and cooled. Thermal expansion was characterized,
and cation partitioning at the various temperatures was determined according to a model purposely constructed for high-temperature
bond lengths. It was found that the structural evolution of the samples with temperature depended on order–disorder at room
temperature. At the temperatures lower than the beginning of cation exchange, thermal expansion was completely reversible
and the oxygen coordinate remained stable in spite of varying temperatures. At the temperature at which cation exchange starts,
the disordered samples first tend to order and then to disorder at higher temperatures, at variance with the ordered sample,
which tends to disorder steadily. In general, the evolution of the spinel structural state on cooling and heating over the
same temperature range and the same time intervals does not follow the same path. In particular, in the 600–950 °C range,
only partially reversible order–disorder processes occurred in the time span used for the experiments.
Received: 16 July 2001 / Accepted: 8 January 2002 相似文献
44.
For 5 months before the 2001 Mt. Etna eruption, a progressive gravity decrease was measured along a profile of stations on
the southern slope of the volcano. Between January and July 2001, the amplitude of the change reached 80 μGal, while the wavelength
of the anomaly was of the order of 15 km. Elevation changes observed through GPS measurements during a period encompassing
the 5-month gravity decrease, remained within 4–6 cm over the entire volcano and within 2–4 cm in the zone covered by the
microgravity profile. We review both gravity and elevation changes by a model assuming the formation of new cracks, uniformly
distributed in a rectangular prism. The inversion problem was formulated following a global optimization approach based on
the use of Genetic Algorithms. Although it is possible to explain the observed gravity changes by means of the proposed analytical
formulation, the results show that calculated elevation changes are significantly higher than those observed. Two alternative
hypotheses are proposed to account for this apparent discrepancy: (1) that the assumptions behind the analytical formulation,
used to invert the data, are fallacious at Etna, and thus, numerical models should be utilized; (2) that a second process,
enabling a considerable mass decrease to occur without deformation, acted together with the formation of new cracks in the
source volume. 相似文献
45.
A. Cundari A. Dal Negro E. M. Piccirillo A. Della Giusta L. Secco 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(4):523-532
A detailed crystal chemical study of coexisting olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel from selected Victorian (Australia) lherzolite suites was carried out by means of single crystal x-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis to obtain actual site occupancies. The aim of this study was primarily to characterise the intracrystalline configurations and related cation ordering on sites in major mantle constituents. The results demonstrate that cation ordering on sites is subject to distinctive crystallographic controls which depend on the petrological evolution of the suite. Mg-Fe2+ ordering in M1–M2 pyroxene sites depends on variations of the smaller cations, mainly Alvi, Ti4+, Fe3+, and related configurations of M 1. Pressuresensitive Alvi is crucial to Fe2+, the more ordered clinopyroxene showing high Alvi configurations which tend to exclude the larger bivalent cations and yield small polyhedral volumes for M 1, M 2, T sites and the unit cell. Conversely, the coexisting orthopyroxene, characterised by lower Alvi configuration and higher M 1 and unit cell volumes, is relatively more disordered. Olivine is consistent with the coexisting clinopyroxene, the more disordered crystals coexisting with more disordered clinopyroxene, while Al-Mg order in the coexisting spinel shows the reverse relationship. Estimated temperatures of apparent equilibration based on current geothermometers are not considered realistic. Assumptions of ideal cation mixing on sites in pyroxene and spinel are not supported. 相似文献
46.
C. Dages M. Voltz A. Bsaibes L. Prvot O. Huttel X. Louchart F. Garnier S. Negro 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):498-512
Water balance variables were monitored in a farmed Mediterranean catchment characterized by a dense ditch network to allow for the separate estimation of the diffuse and concentrated recharge terms during flood events. The 27 ha central part of the catchment was equipped with (i) rain gauges, (ii) ditch gauge stations, (iii) piezometers, (iv) neutron probes, and (v) an eddy covariance mast including a 3D sonic anemometer and a fast hygrometer. The water balance was calculated for two autumnal rain and flood events. We also estimated the uncertainty of this approach with Monte Carlo simulations. Results show, that although ditch area represents only 6% of the total study area, concentrated recharge appeared to be the main source of groundwater recharge. Indeed, it was 40–50% of the total groundwater recharge for autumnal events, which are the major annual recharge events. This indicate that both, concentrated and diffuse recharge should be taken into account in any hydrological modeling approach for Mediterranean catchments. This also means that, since they collect overland flow that is often largely contaminated by chemicals, ditches may be a place where groundwater contamination is likely to occur. The uncertainty analysis indicates that recharge estimates based on water balance exhibit large uncertainty ranges. Nevertheless, Monte Carlo simulations showed that concentrated recharge was higher than expected based on their area. 相似文献
47.
The quality of construction is one of the main factors that affect the seismic vulnerability of structures. The damage observations of modern buildings after almost all recent earthquakes report cases of poor quality of materials, inadequate detailing of reinforcement and absence of capacity design principles. Looking at the modern codes for seismic design, which rely on high behaviour factor supplies, the assessment of the effects of poor quality of execution in otherwise well‐conceived and well‐designed structures becomes an important problem. This paper presents an experiment‐based estimation of the seismic response of a cast‐in‐situ one‐storey industrial reinforced concrete frame designed according to Eurocodes. The influence of the quality of construction is estimated by consideration of two models of the experimental prototype: a structure erected under strict measures for control of the quality of execution, and a structure erected with normal measures for control of the quality of execution which resulted in significant deficiencies in the practical arrangement of the reinforcement. On the basis of the experimental data the ductility and behaviour factor supplies of the two structures are estimated. Quantitative expressions for the influence of the quality of construction on the first yield displacement, ultimate storey displacement, maximum base‐shear force and behaviour factor supply are provided. Recommendations for the refinement of modern seismic design codes, particularly Eurocode 8, to take into account the quality of construction are given. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
48.
François Negro Romain Bousquet Flurin Vils Clara-Marine Pellet Jeanette Hänggi-Schaub 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2013,106(1):63-78
In the Western Alps, the Piemont-Ligurian oceanic domain records blueschist to eclogite metamorphic conditions during the Alpine orogeny. This domain is classically divided into two “zones” (Combin and Zermatt-Saas), with contrasting metamorphic evolution, and separated tectonically by the Combin fault. This study presents new metamorphic and temperature (RSCM thermometry) data obtained in Piemont-Ligurian metasediments and proposes a reevaluation of the P–T evolution of this domain. In the upper unit (or “Combin zone”) temperatures are in the range of 420–530 °C, with an increase of temperature from upper to lower structural levels. Petrological evidences show that these temperatures are related to the retrograde path and to deformation at greenschist metamorphic conditions. This highlights heating during exhumation of HP metamorphic rocks. In the lower unit (or “Zermatt-Saas zone”), temperatures are very homogeneous in the range of 500–540 °C. This shows almost continuous downward temperature increase in the Piemont-Ligurian domain. The observed thermal structure is interpreted as the result of the upper and lower unit juxtaposition along shear zones at a temperature of ~500 °C during the Middle Eocene. This juxtaposition probably occurred at shallow crustal levels (~15–20 km) within a subduction channel. We finally propose that the Piemont-Ligurian Domain should not be viewed as two distinct “zones”, but rather as a stack of several tectonic slices. 相似文献