夏季东亚高空急流与天气尺度波动的气候特征之间的联系

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日资料(1979~2003年),分析了东亚夏季高空急流和天气尺度波动气候特征之间的联系。通过分析急流与天气尺度波动活动量Q(用于描述某一时间段内天气尺度波动活动强弱程度)、热量涡动输送(V′T′)的关系,发现:在气候平均意义下,天气尺度波动活动量在6、8月较大,这意味着在这两个月中,天气尺度波动较为剧烈。这和急流的强度变化是相对应的,即强的天气尺度波动活动量对应着强的急流,弱的天气尺度波动活动量对应着弱的急流。热量涡动输送也表现出与天气尺度波动活动量类似的特征。年际变化上,夏季平均和6、7、8各月平均的热量涡动输送和急流强度都存在显著的正相关。对强、弱急流年份条件下热量涡动输送合成分析的结果表明:热量涡动输送偏南时,对应着强的急流;热量涡动输送偏北时,对应着弱的急流。以上的研究结果说明,在气候平均意义和年际变化上夏季东亚高空急流和天气尺度波动之间有着密切的联系。     

High-resolution circulation forecasting of the Maenggol Channel, south coast of Korea

The Maenggol Channel and Uldolmok Strait, located on the south-west coast of Korea, have notably strong and complex currents due to tidal effects and to local geological factors. In these areas, electric power has been generated using strong tidal currents, the speed of which is more than 3 m/s during spring tides. The region also provides a shortcut for navigation. These tidal conditions are therefore sometimes useful, but may also cause terrible accidents or severe economic damage, in the absence of accurate information regarding ocean conditions. In April 2014, the passenger ferry MV Sewol capsized in the Maenggol Channel, with 295 passengers killed and 9 still missing. While this was unquestionably a man-made disaster, strong currents were one of the contributing causes. It was also difficult to conduct scuba diving rescue operations given strong current speeds, and accurate prediction of the time when the tide would turn was thus critically needed. In this research, we used the high-resolution coastal circulation forecasting system of KOOS (Korea Operational Oceanographic System) for analysis and simulation of strong tidal currents in such areas with many small islands, using measurements and modeling from this research area. For accurate prediction of tidal currents, small grid size-modeling was needed, and in this study, we identified a suitable grid size that offers efficiency as well as accuracy.     

Two-stage growth of porphyroblastic biotite and garnet in the Barrovian metapelites of the Imjingang belt, central Korea

Porphyroblastic biotite and garnet in the Barrovian metapelites of the Imjingang belt, Korea, were investigated to unravel the sequence and mechanism of mineral growth. Poikiloblastic biotite contains straight inclusion trails (S_i) discontinuous to the major foliation, and develops clear zones at the grain margin. These microstructures suggest an initial growth of biotite between two contractional deformations (D_n−1 and D_n) followed by an overgrowth during D_n. Although garnet poikiloblasts contain variable S_i patterns, their major growth is likely to have occurred during D_n on the basis of compositional relationships among variable garnet types. Early poikiloblasts of both minerals were formed by chemical replacement of the matrix that consisted mainly of chlorite, muscovite and quartz. Subsequent growth of biotite was governed by a crack-filling mechanism, and was accompanied by the production of extensional cracks inside or around biotite, providing fluid pathways. The overgrowth of garnet was favoured at the biotite–garnet interface, and the consequence was a partial replacement of inclusion-poor garnet after biotite subsequent to D_n. In addition, clear zones and pressure shadows as well as the matrix around biotite porphyroblasts were replaced by garnet, suggesting an inheritance of various pre-existing microstructures in the S_i pattern of garnet. Further attention is thus required for any attempt to delineate the microstructural interaction between deformation and metamorphism, particularly in a sample containing early-grown porphyroblasts. Microstructural evidence for the two-stage growth of biotite and garnet is present up to the kyanite zone, indicating that this growth mechanism is prevalent during progressive metamorphism of Barrovian metapelites.     

The diel vertical migration of the sound-scattering layer in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water of the southeastern Yellow Sea：focus on its relationship with a temperature structure

Using the hydroacoustic method with a 200 kHz scientific echo sounding system,the diel vertical migration(DVM) of the sound-scattering layer(SSL) in the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water(YSBCW) of the southeastern Yellow Sea was studied in April(spring) and August(summer) of 2010 and 2011.For each survey,13–27 hours of acoustic data were continuously collected at a stationary station.The acoustic volume scattering strength(Sv) data were analyzed with temperature profile data.In the spring of both 2010 and 2011,the SSL clearly showed the vertical migration throughout the entire water column,moving from the surface layer at night to near the bottom during the day.Conductivity,temperature,and depth data indicated that the entire water column was well mixed with low temperature of about 8 C.However,the SSL showed different patterns in the summers of 2010 and 2011.In the summer of 2010(28 C at the surface),the SSL migrated to near the bottom during the day,but there were two SSLs above and below the thermocline at depth of 10–30 m at night.In the summer of 2011(20 C at the surface),the SSL extended throughout the entire water column at night,possibly owing to an abrupt change in sea weather conditions caused by the passage of a Typhoon Muifa over the study area.It was concluded that the DVM patterns in summer in the YSBCW area may be greatly influenced by a strengthened or weakened thermocline.     

Geologically controlled agricultural contamination and water–rock interaction in an alluvial aquifer: results from a hydrochemical study

Environmental Earth Sciences - Hydrogeochemistry data collected from three multi-level monitoring wells in a sandy alluvial aquifer located in the Keum River watershed, South Korea, are used in...     

白头山火山渣锥的岩浆演化研究

火山渣锥是白头山(或长白山)火山喷发的重要产物,主要沿熔岩台地周边呈圆锥状寄生小火山锥体分布。野外特征显示,火山渣是火山渣锥的重要组成;岩石手标本显示,火山渣具有气孔构造,样品自顶部至底部,颜色从赤色、赤褐色,向褐色、灰色发生转变。地球化学特征表明,火山渣岩性包括玄武岩、粗面玄武岩、玄武岩质粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩岩,具有较高SiO_2(46.22%~55.38%),Al_2O3含量(15.28%~22.11%),低MgO(2.05%~4.94%),FeOT(6.79%~14.76%)的特征;同时具有较高的碱Na_2O/K_2O(Na_2O/K_2O1)比值,为钠质火山岩。其轻稀土(LREE)和重稀土(HREE)分异明显,具有弱的δEu正异常,并且具有富集K、Rb、Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和相对亏损Nb、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)的特征。此外,火山渣的分异指数(DI)范围为36.93~64.48,高于造盾阶段的幔源玄武岩的分异指数;其固结指数(SI)为10.73~24.09,低于早期幔源玄武岩的固结指数(SI=25~45),这些特征说明火山渣成分发生了较高程度的岩浆分异作用。同时,火山渣的Nb/La、Sm/Nd、La/Nb和Ba/Nb比值几乎全部介于幔源玄武岩和大陆地壳之间,说明具有明显的地壳混染的特征。因此,我们认为研究区火山渣的岩浆可能是由幔源基性玄武岩上升过程中发生分离结晶和地壳混染作用形成的。     

Prehnite-Pumpellyite to Greenschist Fades Transition in the Karmutsen Metabasites, Vancouver Island, B.C.

Mineral paragenescs in the prehnite-pumpellyite to greenschistfades transition of the Karmutsen metabasites are markedly differentbetween amygdule and matrix, indicating that the size of equilibriumdomain is very small. Characteristic amygdule assemblages (+chlorite + quartz) vary from: (1) prehnite + pumpeUyite + epidote,prehnite + pumpellyite + calcite, and pumpellyite + epidote+ calcite for the prehnite-pumpellyite facies; through (2) calcite+ epidote + prehnite or pumpellyite for the transition zone;to (3) actinolite + epidote + calrite for the greenschist facies.Actinolite first appears in the matrix of the transition zone.Na-rich wairakites containing rare analcime inclusions coexistwith epidote or Al-rich pumpellyite in one prehnite-pumpellyitefacies sample. Phase relations and compositions of these wairakite-bearingassemblages further suggest that pumpellyite may have a compositionalgap between 0.10 and 0.15 X_Fe?. Although the facies boundaries are gradational due to the multi-varianceof the assemblages, several transition equilibria are establishedin the amygdule assemblages. At low X_co2, pumpellyite disappearsprior to prehnite by a discontinuous-type reaction, pumpellyite+ quartz + CO₂ = prehnite + epidote + calcite + chlorite + H₂O,whereas prehnite disappears by a continuous-type reaction, prehnite+ CO₂ = calcite + epidote + quartz-l-H₂O. On the other hand,at higher X_CO2 a prehnite-out reaction, prehnite + chlorite+ H₂O + CO₂ = calcite + pumpellyite + quartz, precedes a pumpellyiteoutreaction, pumpellyite + CO₂ = calcite + epidote + chlorite +quartz + H₂O. The first appearance of the greenschist faciesassemblages is defined at both low and high XCOj by a reaction,calcite + chlorite + quartz = epidote + actinolite+ H₂O + CO₂.Thus, these transition equilibria are highly dependent on bothX_Fe³⁺ + of Ca-Al silicates and X_H20 of the fluid phase. Phaseequilibria together with the compositional data of Ca-Al silicatesindicate that the prehnite-pumpellyite to greenschist faciestransition for the Karmutsen metabasites occurred at approximately1.7 kb and 300?C, and at very low X_co2, probably far less than0.1.     

单环刺螠对硫化物暴露的呼吸代谢适应

研究硫化物暴露后单环刺组织细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、延胡索酸还原酶(FRD)等呼吸代谢酶活性的变化,初步探讨了单环刺对硫化物的呼吸代谢适应。将虫体暴露于50,150μmol/L 2个硫化物组和不含硫化物的对照组水体中,分别于暴露后0,2,12,24,48 h和解除暴露后48 h取体壁、呼吸肠等组织进行酶活性分析。结果显示:暴露2 h时,硫化物组CCO活性上升。24 h时,150μmol/L组CCO活性显著低于对照组,到48 h时接近于0,而SDH活性显著低于对照组,FRD活性极显著高于对照组。解除暴露后48 h,虫体的呼吸代谢酶活性与对照组无显著差异。可见,硫化物暴露后,短期内虫体呼吸代谢提高,可能进行硫化物氧化解毒。而随着暴露时间的延长,虫体的呼吸代谢减弱,FRD活性极显著增高,推测体内可能存在将延胡索酸还原成琥珀酸的无氧代谢方式。解除硫化物暴露后,虫体具有较强的自我恢复能力。     

东亚夏季风活动与东亚高空西风急流位置北跳关系的研究

利用美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(1980～1999年)探讨了东亚夏季风活动的两个重要事件,即南海夏季风爆发和江淮流域梅雨起始,与东亚高空西风急流位置北跳的关系.系统的分析研究表明,东亚高空西风急流在由冬向夏的转变过程中一般存在着两次向北突跳现象,并与东亚夏季风活动有密切关系.第一次东亚高空急流的北跳(由25～28°N跳到30°N以北)平均发生在5月8日左右,比南海夏季风爆发日期(平均为5月15日)早7天左右;高空急流位置的北跳是中高纬度大气环流系统减弱北退的表现,它为热带环流和系统的向北推进提供了条件,从而有利于南海夏季风的爆发.第二次东亚高空急流的北跳(由32°N左右北跳到35°N以北)平均发生在6月7日左右,先于江淮流域梅雨起始时间(平均在6月18日左右)10天左右,它是梅雨起始的前期征兆.高空西风急流的两次北跳分别与亚洲大陆南部地区对流层中上层(500～200 hPa)经向温度梯度的两次逆转(反向)有关,在由冬到夏的季节转换中,由于大陆加热较快,导致对流层中上层大气在5～25°N间的经向温度梯度发生反向(逆转),通过地转适应使流场向气压场(温度场)调整,从而高空急流位置北跳.数据分析还发现,东亚高空急流位置的第一次北跳有时也受到南半球副热带高空急流位置北移和加强的影响.