喷射式局部反循环钻具结构参数数值模拟

喷射式局部反循环钻具的流场主要是由喷反元件的射吸效应形成。为增强喷反钻具的反循环效果,提高岩心采取率,对喷反元件的主要结构参数对反循环效果的影响规律进行了研究;采用正交试验设计方法,借助计算流体动力学CFD软件,对不同结构参数组合下喷反钻具的反循环效果指标进行了回归分析。研究结果表明,喷反装置6个结构参数对目标值的影响由大到小的顺序是:喷嘴直径D1、喷嘴个数N1、喷嘴倾斜角度θ1、承喷孔直径D2、承喷孔倾斜角度θ2、承喷孔个数N2;当冲洗液泵量为1.5kg/s(90L/min)时,喷嘴直径D1=8mm,喷嘴个数N1=8,喷嘴倾斜角度θ1=67°,承喷孔直径D2=8mm,承喷孔倾斜角度θ2=5°,承喷孔个数N2=4为最优参数组合。     

A Whole Plant Herbaceous Angiosperm from the Middle Jurassic of China

In contrast to woody habit with secondary growth, truthful herbaceous habit lacking secondary growth is restricted to angiosperms among seed plants. Although angiosperms might have occurred as early as in the Triassic and herbaceous habit theoretically may have been well adopted by pioneer angiosperms, pre-Cretaceous herbs are missing hitherto, leaving the origin of herbs and evolution of herbaceous angiosperms mysterious. Here we report Juraherba bodae gen. et sp. nov, a whole plant herbaceous angiosperm, from the Middle Jurassic (>164 Ma) at Daohugou Village, Inner Mongolia, China, a fossil Lagerst?tten that is worldwide famous for various fossil finds. The angiospermous affinity of Juraherba is ensured by its enclosed ovules/seeds. The plant is small but complete, with physically connected hairy root, stem, leaves, and fructifications. The Middle Jurassic age recommends Juraherba as the earliest record of herbaceous seed plants, demanding a refresh look at the evolutionary history of angiosperms.     

六种非感应起电参数化方案对南京一次雷暴电荷结构的数值模拟分析

利用三维非静力中尺度数值模式Meso-NH中的六种非感应起电参数化方案,采用理想场模拟南京地区雷暴云不同阶段的电荷结构特征,重点分析了雷暴云发展期雪、霰电荷密度对电荷结构的影响,并将成熟期的电荷结构与观测资料比较。结果表明,在雷暴云发展期,电荷分布在上升气流内且高度较高,TAKAH方案为反偶极结构,GARDI方案为三极结构,SAUN、BSMP为反三极结构,SAP98方案为正偶极结构,HELFA方案呈多层结构。在成熟期,电荷分布高度降低,有正负电荷共存区产生。模拟结果中,雪与霰是主要的荷电载体,荷电量及极性与方案有关。雪的电荷密度对云顶的电荷密度影响较大,霰的电荷密度对中下层的电荷密度影响较大。成熟期的电荷结构与VHF宽带干涉仪和雷声联合定位结果对比,SAP98方案模拟结果更符合该次雷暴云电荷结构。     

德州能见度与PM2.5、PM10和相对湿度的关系

为研究德州大气能见度与水汽和气溶胶的关系,利用2013年逐小时能见度、相对湿度、PM2.5和PM10浓度资料,对三者与能见度的关系进行分析。结果表明：能见度与相对湿度的线性相关最好,与PM2.5浓度的相关性次之;随着相对湿度、PM2.5和PM10浓度的增加,能见度明显降低。大气能见度与相对湿度、PM2.5和PM10浓度非线性相关系数明显高于线性相关系数。利用PM2.5和PM10浓度和相对湿度数据计算得到了非线性大气能见度拟合公式,经验证,该公式能较好地模拟德州大气能见度。     

中国高技术产业创新效率影响因素的空间异质效应—基于地理加权回归模型的实证研究

首先借助超越对数生产函数形式的多产出随机前沿模型估算出2008年~2013年中国30个省域高技术产业创新效率,继而基于地理加权回归模型(GWR)研究了企业规模、市场结构、政府投入及研发支出结构对创新效率的影响。结果表明:中国30个省域高技术产业创新效率存在空间正自相关性;企业规模、市场结构及研发支出结构对创新效率产生正向影响,而政府投入阻碍了高技术产业创新效率;各影响因素对高技术产业创新效率的影响均具有空间异质性特征,且随着时间的推移稳定存在。最后提出相关政策建议。     

基于社交媒体的城市污染信息探测

了解城市污染状况是治理城市污染的首要环节。社交媒体中包含了能够反映人们对周围环境的感受的数据资料,可以帮助人们更直观地了解城市污染现状。本文以新浪微博为例,提出了从社交媒体中获取城市污染相关数据的方案,设计了基于社交媒体的城市污染信息分类法和可视化方法,在实验部分以北京市为例对本方法的结果进行了分析与讨论。     

BDS/GPS非差“一步法”融合定轨数据质量及精度分析

目前BDS/GPS融合定轨方法主要为"两步法"融合定轨。但在解算过程中,两个系统之间存在系统偏差会使BDS定轨精度下降。为降低融合定轨中系统偏差对轨道精度的影响,采用B1/B3和L1/L2频点组合的非差"一步法"融合定轨的方法,把BDS和GPS卫星置于同一参考框架下进行定轨,并对B1/B3频点的数据进行质量分析。结果分析证明,B1/B3频点数据质量优于B1/B2频点数据质量;"一步法"非差融合定轨获取的BDS轨道精度也优于"两步法"融合定轨获取的BDS轨道精度。其中BDS-MEOIGSO卫星定轨精度优于100 mm;BDS-GEO卫星定轨精度优于1 000 mm。     

基于降水微物理特征测量仪的雨滴形状观测与分析

利用自主研制的降水微物理特征测量仪开展降水观测试验,得到了大量的雨滴图像。研究了异常雨滴图像的形成原因和处理方法,以此为基础重点研究了在极坐标下基于Akima插值的数字雨滴图像矢量化方法,得到了雨滴平均形状特征和轴比分布特征。结果表明,直径小于1 mm的雨滴以圆形为主,在1.0~3.0 mm的雨滴以椭圆形为主,大于3.0 mm的雨滴逐渐呈现顶部凸起,底部偏平的形状;雨滴的平均轴比分布与经验分布一致,相互之间差异在±0.04 mm范围以内;雨滴的平均轴比与经验模型的差值在粒径3.4~3.8 mm出现峰值,该范围内的雨滴较经验关系具有更圆的形状特性。     

Amino acids derived from Titan tholins

An organic heteropolymer (Titan tholin) was produced by continuous dc discharge through a 0.9 N2/0.1 CH4 gas mixture at 0.2 mbar pressure, roughly simulating the cloudtop atmosphere of Titan. Treatment of this tholin with 6N HCl yielded 16 amino acids by gas chromatography after derivatization of N-trifluroacetyl isopropyl esters on two different capillary columns. Identifications were confirmed by GC/MS. Glycine, aspartic acid, and alpha- and beta-alanine were produced in greatest abundance; the total yield of amino acids was approximately 10(-2), approximately equal to the yield of urea. The presence of "nonbiological" amino acids, the absence of serine, and the fact that the amino acids are racemic within experimental error together indicate that these molecules are not due to microbial or other contamination, but are derived from the tholin. In addition to the HCN, HC2CN, and (CN)2 found by Voyager, nitriles and aminonitriles should be sought in the Titanian atmosphere and, eventually, amino acids on the surface. These results suggest that episodes of liquid water in the past or future of Titan might lead to major further steps in prebiological organic chemistry on that body.     

THE ORIGIN OF THE NIANGTZEKUAN TUFA

For centuries the tufa of Niangtzekuan has possessed a peculiar fascination. It is to be seen decorating rock-gardens and fish-ponds all over North China, and is sold in curio-markets for use in flower-bowls, and as ornaments.