2012年夏季挪威海和格陵兰海水文特征分析

利用2012年夏季在北欧海(挪威海和格陵兰海)的水文考察数据,对调查区域内海洋水团性质和分布进行了分析,并对北欧海冷却对流的发展加深过程进行了研究。在上层,从东侧暖而咸的大西洋水跨越锋区至西侧低温低盐的格陵兰海盆上层水体,温度和盐度的变化分别可以达到8℃和0.4 psu。中层与深层水体的性质则相对均匀和稳定,3个海盆内从浅至深依次分布着北极中层水、海盆深层水、北极深层水以及海盆底层水。格陵兰海盆中深层水体在3 500 m深度上位温约为-0.97℃,相比较1970s观测到的-1.30℃,升温幅度超过了0.3℃,表明海盆深层存储的热量显著增加。在只考虑局地表面冷却的简化条件下,当前格陵兰海内部通过冷却对流混合至季节性跃层下界需要向大气释放0.9×109~1.2×109J的热量,这一过程至少需要2个月的时间而不利于对流向深层的发展。大量的热量被存储于北欧海深海盆中使得北欧海已经成为北半球高纬海域的热量存储器,对当前北极气候变化的影响有待深入研究。     

高空大气涛动现象与太阳活动的联系

本文根据全球高空10 hPa位势高度距平场EOF分析得知,存在于地面层大气中的南北向涛动现象~北极高空大气涛动和南极涛动,在高空大气中更为清楚,而且这种高空南北向涛动现象是波及全球的;存在于地面层大气中著名的纬向涛动现象~南方涛动(Southern Oscillation,SO)和北方涛动(North Oscillation,NO),在高空大气中则变得不甚清楚.表征北极高空大气涛动的第一模态与表征南极涛动的第二模态的方差贡献率分别为41.47%和27.04%,二者累积方差贡献率达到68.51%,构成了平流层高空大气年代际振荡的主要形式;另外还存在两半球对称性中高纬度南极涛动模态和两半球不对称性中高纬度南极涛动模态,是高空大气中出现概率比较小的振荡形式.谱分析表明,无论北极高空大气涛动模态、南极涛动模态还是中高纬度纬向涛动模态,都存在与太阳磁场磁性指数相一致的22年准周期变化以及与太阳黑子相对数相一致的11年准周期变化;采用逐次滤波法的滤波分析和对比分析表明,高空大气涛动现象的重要影响因子乃太阳活动,其中太阳磁场的大幅度涨落及其磁性变化是主要因素,太阳黑子相对数的变化为次要因素.     

白令海楚科奇海的海冰范围变化特征

白令海和楚科奇海位于北极太平洋一侧的海冰外缘线附近,具有较强烈的气冰海相互作用.采用滑动t检验和小波分析方法对白令海和楚科奇海1953—2004年海冰范围的年际变化、年代际变化和总体趋势变化进行分析.结果表明:20世纪70年代后期,海冰范围在白令海存在显著的均值突变现象,而楚科奇海在对应阶段则表现为更明显的变频现象;在突变点前后两个时段里,阿留申低压中心低压加强、核心位置偏移以及对应风场分布的变化是导致白令海海冰范围明显缩小的主要动力原因.楚科奇海海冰范围的年际变化中存在由低频向高频变化的现象,该现象除了在局地气温变化中存在之外,在北冰洋区域风涡度、波弗特海纬向风、东西伯利亚海经向风等动力因素中也有所体现.因此,除热力因素外,动力因素引起的海冰的平流与该变频现象也存在一定的联系.     

北太平洋年代际涛动与太阳活动的联系

采用逐次滤波法分析了北太平洋海洋大气系统年代际振荡特征及其主要影响因子，探索太阳活动对于北太平洋海洋大气系统年代际变化的影响。结果表明，太阳活动是北太平洋海洋大气系统周期性年代际振荡的重要影响因子，具体反映在：1）北太平洋年代际涛动（PDO，Pacific Decadal Oscillation）存在与太阳活动密切相关的22年周期和11年周期，是PDO仅次于趋势项最重要的周期成分，其方差贡献率分别为20．9％和6．7％。研究发现北太平洋年代际涛动变化对于太阳活动的响应方式与太阳活动强弱程度有联系，太阳活动水平强时PDO与太阳磁场变化符号相同并且振荡幅度大；太阳活动水平弱时PDO与太阳磁场变化符号相反并且振荡幅度小。2）滤除持续下降趋势之后，北太平洋冬季阿留申低压活动区海平面气压（SLP，Sea Level Pressure）表现出与太阳磁场磁性指数（MI，Magnetic index）基本反相的周期性振荡，滤除22年周期之后11年周期也比较清楚，其方差贡献率分别为13．4％和1．1％。3）滤除持续升温趋势以后北太平洋100hPa冬季大气温度距平场表现出与太阳磁场磁性指数基本一致的周期性振荡，滤除22年周期之后11年周期也比较清楚，其方差贡献率分别为15．1％和1．1％。研究结果说明，在太阳活动对于大气温度场的影响过程中，黑子磁场磁性变化是决定性的，即决定了温度变化符号，MI绝对值的变化即太阳磁场强度变化影响其量变。     

Radiation of lamp and optimized experiment using artificial light in the Arctic Ocean

A winter optical experiment by an artificial lamp was conducted in the Amundsen Bay of Arctic Ocean from November of 2007 to January of 2008.The radiation field emitted from an artificial lamp was measured and is introduced in this paper ,and the optimized experiment project is discussed.It is demonstrated that the minimum size allowed of the lamp is determined by both the field of view(FOV) of optical instrument and the measuring distance from the lamp.Some problems that might influence on the experimen...     

火山活动对南半球平流层气候异常变化的影响

文中利用逐次滤波法分析结果表明 ,火山活动能引起平流层较大幅度增温 ,对于南半球 70hPa高空气候异常变化的影响超过了总方差的 1 6 % ;火山活动影响最显著的高度是平流层 70hPa约1 5～ 2 2km高空 ,由此高度向上或向下 ,火山活动的影响都逐渐减小 ;火山活动引起平流层大气升温的同时还将引起对流层大气降温 ,其分界线大致位于对流层顶 30 0hPa附近。平流层高空气候异常变化还具有显著的 2 2a变化周期和 1 1a变化周期 ,分析认为是大气温度场对太阳磁场磁性 2 2a周期和太阳黑子 1 1a周期变化的响应 ,其方差贡献率超过 8%。     

Radiation of lamp and optimized experiment using artificial light in the Arctic Ocean

A winter optical experiment by an artificial lamp was conducted in the Amundsen Bay of Arctic Ocean from November of 2007 to January of 2008.The radiation field emitted from an artificial lamp was measured and is introduced in this paper ,and the optimized experiment project is discussed.It is demonstrated that the minimum size allowed of the lamp is determined by both the field of view(FOV) of optical instrument and the measuring distance from the lamp.Some problems that might influence on the experiment result often occur for a simple fluorescent lamp, such as instability,spatial nonuniformity,light divergence,effect of lamp temperature ,etc.By the analysis of the light radiation,three kind of measures are proposed to control the quality of the experiment,i.e.keeping consistency of lamp size with FOV of instrument,calibrating in situ downwind,and conducting measurement in effective range.Among them,the downwind calibration is the key step to overcome most problems arose by the lamp.The experiment indicated that the reliable results can be obtained only when the optical measurement is coordinated with the radiation field of artificial lamp.The measured radiation property of the lamp was used to advise the field experiment to minimize measuring error.As the experiment by artificial lamp was the first attempt in the Arctic Ocean,the experience given by this paper is a valuable reference to the correlative studies.     

北极迅速变暖条件下西北航道的海冰分布变化特征

北极近年迅速变暖使西北航道的通航成为可能。本文利用AMSR-E的6.25km分辨率日平均海冰密集度卫星数据研究了2002-2008年北极西北航道的海冰密集度变化特征。通过统计分析沿西北航线冰障关键流段代表站点的融化期、轻冰期、无冰期、无冰天数和轻冰天数,以及海冰分布和变化的某些细节,加深了对西北航道海冰季节变化和年际变化以及空间分布的主要特征,特别是与通航相关的冰情信息的了解。研究指出西北航道南路比北路容易开通;各线路冰障流段存在的时间呈减小趋势,整条线路无冰/轻冰天数呈增加趋势;冰间湖和冰间水道的产生和发展在很大程度上可能会影响到整个航路的融冰开始时间。     

北欧海海面高度上升减缓及其机理研究

A slowdown of sea surface height(SSH) rise occurred in the Nordic(GIN) seas around 2004.In this study,SSH satellite data and constructed steric height data for the decades before and after 2004(i.e.,May 1994 to April 2014)were used for comparative analysis.The findings indicate that the rate of slowdown of SSH rises in the GIN seas(3.0 mm/a) far exceeded that of the global mean(0.6 mm/a).In particular,the mean steric height of the GIN seas increased at a rate of 4.5 mm/a and then decreased at a slower pace.This was the main factor responsible for the stagnation of the SSH rises,while the mass factor only increased slightly.The Norwegian Sea particularly experienced the most prominent slowdown in SSH rises,mainly due to decreased warming of the 0–600 m layer.The controlling factors of this decreased warming were cessation in the increase of volume of the Atlantic inflow and stagnation of warming of the inflow.However,variations in air-sea thermal flux were not a major factor.In the recent two decades,mean halosteric components of the GIN seas decreased steadily and remained at a rate of 2 mm/a or more because of increased flow and salinity of the Atlantic inflow during the first decade,and reduction in freshwater inputs from the Arctic Ocean in the second decade.