2003年与1999年楚科奇海海冰的差异及其发生原因

我国在1999年和2003年进行了两次北极考察,这两年海冰的冰情差别很大,分别对应冰情较重和较轻的年份。本文利用卫星遥感资料对1999年和2003年的海冰分布状况及其差异进行了全面的分析,并利用气温和风场资料深入研究形成这种差异的动力学原因。结果表明, 2003年的海冰冰情与1999年相比要轻很多,海冰面积在春季融冰季节和秋季冻结季节显著减小。2003年春季,来自白令海的海水提早半个月进入楚科奇海,导致海冰大范围融化。但是,到了夏季,海冰的面积减少过程停滞下来。而秋季楚科奇海封冻过程比1999年晚半个月。以上这些特征形成了2003年与1999年海冰的显著差异。研究结果表明, 2003年春季和秋季的气温比1999年要明显增高,最大月平均温差接近18°C,显著的高温为海冰融化的加剧和冻结的推迟提供了热量。直接影响海冰分布的是海面风场,两年风场的差异产生了来自白令海的太平洋入流的差异,对春季海冰融化的提前、夏季入流的减弱和秋季冻结过程的推迟起到关键的作用。季节性气象要素的年际差异可以归因于整个北极的AO系统变化, 2003年AO指数是正值, 1999年为负值,成为楚科奇海局地海冰变化的气候背景。     

北极迅速变暖条件下西北航道的海冰分布变化特征

北极近年迅速变暖使西北航道的通航成为可能。本文利用AMSR-E的6.25km分辨率日平均海冰密集度卫星数据研究了2002-2008年北极西北航道的海冰密集度变化特征。通过统计分析沿西北航线冰障关键流段代表站点的融化期、轻冰期、无冰期、无冰天数和轻冰天数,以及海冰分布和变化的某些细节,加深了对西北航道海冰季节变化和年际变化以及空间分布的主要特征,特别是与通航相关的冰情信息的了解。研究指出西北航道南路比北路容易开通;各线路冰障流段存在的时间呈减小趋势,整条线路无冰/轻冰天数呈增加趋势;冰间湖和冰间水道的产生和发展在很大程度上可能会影响到整个航路的融冰开始时间。     

A study on the Antarctic circumpolar wave mode-A coexistence system of standing and traveling wave

The Antarctic circumpolar wave(ACW)has become a focus of the air-sea coupled Southern Ocean study since 1996,when it was discovered as an air-sea coupled interannual signal propagating eastward in the region of the Antarctic C i rcumpolar Current(ACC).In order to analyze the mechanism of discontinuity alon g the latitudinal propagation,a new idea that ACW is a system with a traveling wave in the Southern Pacific and Atlantic Ocean and with a concurrent standing w ave in the southern Indian Ocean is proposed in this paper.Based on the ideal w ave principle,the average wave parameters of ACW is achieved using a non-linea r approximation method,by which we find that the standing part and the travelin g part possess similar radius frequency,proving their belonging to an integral s ystem.We also give the latitudinal distribution of wave speed with which we cou ld tell the reason for steady propagation during the same period.The spatial di stribution of the propagation reveals complex process with variant spatial and t emporal scales—The ENSO scale oscillation greatly impacts on the traveling process,while the result at the south of Australia indicates little connection betw een the Indian Ocean and the Pacific,which may be blocked by the vibration at t he west of the Pacific.The advective effect of ACC on the propagation process s hould be examined clearly through dynamical method.     

The Beaufort Gyre variation and its impacts on the Canada Basin in 2003–2012

The Beaufort Gyre (BG) was spun up in the last decade which is an important factor in regulating the variation of the upper ocean. The heat content and freshwater content of the upper ocean increased g...     

1972-2013年北欧海深层水增暖

The warming of deep waters in the Nordic seas is identified based on observations during Chinese 5th Arctic Expedition in 2012 and historical hydrographic data. The most obvious and earliest warming occurrs in the Greenland Basin(GB) and shows a coincident accelerated trend between depths 2 000 and 3 500 m. The observations at a depth of 3 000 m in the GB reveal that the potential temperature had increased from-1.30°C in the early 1970 s to-0.93°C in 2013, with an increase of about 0.37°C(the maximum spatial deviation is 0.06°C) in the past more than 40 years. This remarkable change results in that deep waters in the center of the Lofton Basin(LB) has been colder than that in the GB since the year 2007. As for the Norwegian Basin(NB), only a slight trend of warming have been shown at a depth around 2 000 m since the early 1980 s, and the warming amplitude at deeper waters is just slightly above the maximum spatial deviation, implying no obvious trend of warming near the bottom. The water exchange rate of the Greenland Basin is estimated to be 86% for the period from 1982 to 2013, meaning that the residence time of the Greenland Sea deep water(GSDW) is about 35 years. As the weakening of deep-reaching convection is going on, the abyssal Nordic seas are playing a role of heat reservoir in the subarctic region and this may cause a positive feedback on the deep-sea warming in both the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas.     

合成滑动相关系数的研究进展及其应用价值

本文作为综述性文章介绍了合成滑动相关系数(Synthetic running correlation coefficient,SRCC)的发现和提出,在理论上的证明及其在大气、海洋等领域的应用成果。作者认为,SRCC是满足可比性要求的方法,揭示了滑动相关系数的实质,从物理上对时间变化序列相关性给出了科学的展示。SRCC可以与经验正交分解(EOF)方法联合使用,拓展到时空变化领域进行应用。提升了对物理过程时空变化的认识。因此,相信SRCC将在科学研究中发挥重要作用,可以推广到更广泛的领域应用。     

北欧海海面高度上升减缓及其机理研究

A slowdown of sea surface height(SSH) rise occurred in the Nordic(GIN) seas around 2004.In this study,SSH satellite data and constructed steric height data for the decades before and after 2004(i.e.,May 1994 to April 2014)were used for comparative analysis.The findings indicate that the rate of slowdown of SSH rises in the GIN seas(3.0 mm/a) far exceeded that of the global mean(0.6 mm/a).In particular,the mean steric height of the GIN seas increased at a rate of 4.5 mm/a and then decreased at a slower pace.This was the main factor responsible for the stagnation of the SSH rises,while the mass factor only increased slightly.The Norwegian Sea particularly experienced the most prominent slowdown in SSH rises,mainly due to decreased warming of the 0–600 m layer.The controlling factors of this decreased warming were cessation in the increase of volume of the Atlantic inflow and stagnation of warming of the inflow.However,variations in air-sea thermal flux were not a major factor.In the recent two decades,mean halosteric components of the GIN seas decreased steadily and remained at a rate of 2 mm/a or more because of increased flow and salinity of the Atlantic inflow during the first decade,and reduction in freshwater inputs from the Arctic Ocean in the second decade.     

利用北冰洋多光谱数据计算光合有效辐射的研究

光合有效辐射（PAR）是重要的生物光学量,与海洋浮游植物的初级生产过程有密切联系。PAR通常由单波段的PAR传感器直接测量,也可以由多光谱数据计算。在极区用多光谱数据计算PAR不仅面对不同谱宽度的问题,而且还有海冰的影响。本文研究了4种可能导致PAR计算误差的主要因素。多光谱仪器避开了大气对太阳辐射的主要吸收带,用多光谱数据计算会对PAR高估。实测数据分析表明多光谱计算的PAR与高光谱数据的计算结果非常接近,误差在1%以内。用本文建立的拟合函数进行校正,校正后的结果与高光谱数据计算的结果达到同样的精度。计算PAR的衰减率要用到进入海水表面的PAR（PAR0）,本文提出先确定表层衰减系数,再通过最小二乘拟合确定PAR0值,与水下观测数据有很好的衔接。海上同一站位不同时间的观测数据计算的PAR衰减系数相差很小,表明PAR的衰减系数是海水的光学性质,与辐射强度无关。在海冰覆盖的条件下,PAR的观测结果与无冰海水的PAR有明显差别。由于海冰选择性的吸收,穿透海冰进入海洋的PAR组分已经不同,海水对PAR的衰减系数也会相应变化。由此可以推断,不同海冰中成分的差别将导致进入海水中PAR的差别,影响PAR的衰减特性。通过本文的研究,解决了在极区用多光谱计算PAR的各种问题,使多光谱数据成为PAR的重要数据源。     

北欧海海气浮标观测数据质量评估和特征分析

中国于2012年在北欧海的罗弗敦海盆布放了一套海气耦合浮标,断断续续地工作了三年。本文对数据质量进行了全面评估,并以2014年6月—2015年1月的数据为例,给出了该海域各参数的变化特点。经与ERA5数据对比,气压、气温、湿度、风速、水温、辐射、热通量、波浪的参数可靠,与ERA5差别较大的是风向,本文的分析认为,浮标的风向是可靠的。由此得出,除了数据明显异常的时段之外,浮标的数据质量可靠,可以直接用于研究使用。有些参数未见明显异常,但仍可存在数据漂移和数据偏差等问题,需要在使用时精心分析和判断。罗弗敦海盆夏季海表面气压高,风速小,气温高,湿度大,感热和潜热都很小;冬季气压降低,气旋数目增多,强度变大,风速增大,降温过程频繁,降温幅度和持续时间都更大,感热和潜热增大,高热通量事件出现的次数增多,持续时间更长,对大气过程产生不可低估的影响。     

北极环极边界流研究及其主要科学问题

北极环极边界流是新近揭示的重要海洋现象 ,是对北冰洋海洋环流长期研究结果综合得到的概念。在本文中 ,详细介绍了北极环极边界流的主要结构和水团特征 ,论述了研究北极环极边界流的意义和前景 ,深入探讨了北极环极边界流面对的科学问题 ,指出了解决这些问题的关键科研工作。文章指出 ,从整体上研究北极环极边界流是非常重要的 ,需要全面考察北冰洋的质量和能量平衡、深层水通风过程以及水体的混合过程。在进一步的研究工作中需要更多的有针对性的现场观测、开展多学科协作研究。数值模拟仍然是北极环极边界流的重要研究手段 ,需要改善数值模式 ,提高数值模拟的质量。