海洋贝类Toll样受体及其接头蛋白MyD88的分子进化研究

海洋贝类在长期的进化过程中具备了复杂和独特的免疫体系,为免疫防御系统的适应性进化研究提供了典型实例。目前海洋贝类天然免疫系统经典分子在后生动物演化历程中的特点尚不明确。为探究模式识别受体Toll样受体(TLR)及其接头分子髓样分化因子(MyD88)基因家族在后生动物中的进化历程,研究了32个后生动物演化代表性物种中TLR及MyD88基因家族的系统发育关系,以长牡蛎为代表物种探讨了长牡蛎TLRs和MyD88s在病原感染、环境胁迫、早期发育和组织分化条件下的基因表达模式。结果表明,海洋贝类中普遍存在TLR和MyD88基因家族的扩张,在腹足类和双壳类中检测到两个基因家族谱系特异性的基因扩张, 46个长牡蛎特异性扩张的TLR基因能够被病原诱导表达,且在不同类型的病原感染下,其表达模式具有特异性。和病原诱导表达的TLRs相比,参与牡蛎早期发育的TLRs起源相对古老。研究结果表明,海洋贝类天然免疫模式识别受体TLR及其接头分子MyD88通过基因复制和表达分化形成了复杂特异的信号传导通路,这有助于深入了解海洋贝类的天然免疫防御系统的特点,丰富后生动物天然免疫进化的脉络。     

超高压榴辉岩流变学研究

大陆岩石圈和大洋岩石圈在成分、厚度和力学强度方面有明显的差别。因此,现有板块构造不完全适合于大陆构造。大陆地壳和上地幔流变学的综合研究是认识大陆构造最佳途径之一。流变学研究是大陆造山带几何学、运动学和动力学的桥梁。大陆岩石圈对构造作用、重力不稳定性和热结构的响应在很大程度上取决于岩石流变强度。岩石圈流变性质是岩石圈分层、构造复杂性和塑性流动的主导控制因素。超高压榴辉岩在地幔对流、壳-幔物质循环和俯冲带动力学起着重要作用。榴辉岩的流变性质和变形机制对于阐明大陆造山带和大陆深俯冲的动力学过程具有十分重要的意义。本文主要内容包括以下4个方面：（1）岩石流变学研究在地球动力学中地位和重要性;（2）回顾池际尚先生对岩石流变学实验的贡献;（3）近几年来超高压榴辉岩流变学研究成果;（4）国外岩石流变学实验研究发展态势和启示。     

南祁连造山带新元古代后碰撞岩浆作用:年代学和地球化学证据

南祁连造山带南缘乌北地体中的柯柯沙花岗岩岩浆作用记录了中国西北部响应全球Rodinia超大陆汇聚过程中长时间的后碰撞花岗岩岩浆作用历史。柯柯沙花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得其锆石结晶年龄分别为(861±9)~(863±4)Ma和(827±6)~(830±8)Ma,变质锆石年龄为(463±3)Ma。结合先期获得的年龄数据,柯柯沙花岗岩体可能为约860 Ma和810~830 Ma的两阶段岩浆作用产物。花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩分别呈弱过铝质和弱—强过铝质的高钾钙碱性S型花岗岩特征,其岩浆形成于后碰撞阶段的伸展构造环境,源区岩石主要为变质杂砂岩,岩浆部分熔融温度约为800℃,压力在0.9~1.4GPa之间。综上所述,乌北地体主碰撞阶段结束于860 Ma之前。     

The first complete organellar genomes of an Antarctic red alga,Pyropia endiviifolia:insights into its genome architecture and phylogenetic position within genus Pyropia(Bangiales,Rhodophyta)

Pyropia species grow in the intertidal zone and are cold-water adapted. To date, most of the information about the whole plastid and mitochondrial genomes(ptDNA and mtDNA) of this genus is limited to Northern Hemisphere species. Here, we report the sequencing of the ptDNA and mtDNA of the Antarctic red alga Pyropia endiviifolia using the Illumina platform. The plastid genome(195 784 bp, 33.28% GC content) contains 210 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 6 rRNA genes. The mitochondrial genome(34 603 bp, 30.5% GC content) contains 26 protein-coding genes, 25 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes. Our results suggest that the organellar genomes of Py. endiviifolia have a compact organization. Although the collinearity of these genomes is conserved compared with other Pyropia species, the genome sizes show significant differences, mainly because of the different copy numbers of rDNA operons in the pt DNA and group II introns in the mtDNA. The other Pyropia species have 2–3 distinct intronic ORFs in their cox 1 genes, but Py. endiviifolia has no introns in its cox 1 gene. This has led to a smaller mtDNA than in other Pyropia species. The phylogenetic relationships within Pyropia were examined using concatenated gene sets from most of the available organellar genomes with both the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The analysis revealed a sister taxa affiliation between the Antarctic species Py. endiviifolia and the North American species Py. kanakaensis.     

登陆中国东南沿海热带气旋气压变化的重现期分析

为正确考虑和衡量核电厂选址风暴潮灾害分析中热带气旋登陆过程时出现的气压填塞量的取值,利用1949-2014年在我国东南沿海登陆的台风气压资料,建立了登陆前TC中心气压与登陆后气压填塞量二维Copula联合分布函数,通过同现重现期表征出两种样本筛选条件下两种边缘分布的相关关系。结果表明:Frank Copula函数可以适应样本联合分布;考虑在台湾登陆的TC样本与不考虑时相比,相同同现重现期水平在登陆前气压边缘分布方向上要增加10 h Pa左右;气压填塞量在25 h Pa以内时,填塞量越小,同现重现期越大。     

Divergence time,historical biogeography and evolutionary rate estimation of the order Bangiales (Rhodophyta) inferred from multilocus data

Bangiales is the only order of the Bangiophyceae and has been suggested to be monophyletic. This order contains approximately 190 species and is distributed worldwide. Previous molecular studies have produced robust phylogenies among the red algae, but the divergence times, historical biogeography and evolutionary rates of Bangiales have rarely been studied. Phylogenetic relationships within the Bangiales were examined using the concatenated gene sets from all available organellar genomes. This analysis has revealed the topology((( Bangia, Porphyra) Pyropia) Wildemania). Molecular dating indicates that Bangiales diversifi ed approximately 246.40 million years ago(95% highest posterior density(HPD)= 194.78–318.24 Ma, posterior probability(PP)=0.99) in the Late Permian and Early Triassic, and that the ancestral species most likely originated from eastern Gondwanaland(currently New Zealand and Australia) and subsequently began to spread and evolve worldwide. Based on pairwise comparisons, we found a slower rate of nucleotide substitutions and lower rates of diversifi cation in Bangiales relative to Florideophyceae. Compared with Viridiplantae(green algae and land plants), the evolutionary rates of Bangiales and other Rhodophyte groups were found to be dramatically faster, by more than 3-fold for plastid genome(ptDNA) and 15-fold for mitochondrial genome(mtDNA). In addition, an average 2.5-fold lower dN/dS was found for the algae than for the land plants, which indicates purifying selection of the algae.     

长江口无机氮和活性磷酸盐水质基准研究

河口营养物基准是河口营养状态参数对生态环境不产生不良或有害影响的最大阈值。本文首先基于2015—2018年长江口环境现场调查数据开展河口内部分区,再通过主成分分析、相关性分析和线性回归分析等方法,筛选长江口营养物基准关键指标,之后采用频数分布法和压力-响应模型法得出基准推荐值,最后将赤潮优势藻培养实验得到的生态响应值作为参考。结果表明:根据盐度分布与地形特征,长江口可分为口门区和口外区两个生态区。可溶性无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)和可溶性活性磷酸盐(soluble reactive phosphorus,SRP)是制定长江口营养物基准的关键指标。口门区DIN和SRP的基准推荐值分别为0.614和0.029mg/L,口外区基准推荐值分别为0.295和0.008 mg/L。该结果有望为长江口富营养化评估和营养物标准制定等环境管理工作提供科学依据。     

一种新的基于2维傅里叶谱图像的恒星光谱特征提取方法和深度网络分类应用

天体光谱分类是天文学研究的重要内容之一,其关键是从光谱数据中选择和提取对分类识别最有效的特征构建特征空间.提出一种新的基于2维傅里叶谱图像的特征提取方法,并应用于LAMOST (the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope)恒星光谱数据的分类研究中.光谱数据来源于LAMOST Data Release 5(DR5),选取30000条F、 G和K型星光谱数据,利用短时傅里叶变换(Short-Time Fourier Transform, STFT)将1维光谱数据变换成2维傅里叶谱图像,对得到的2维傅里叶谱图像采用深度卷积网络模型进行分类,得到的分类准确率是92.90%.实验结果表明通过对LAMOST恒星光谱数据进行STFT可得到光谱的2维傅里叶谱图像,谱图像构成了新的光谱数据特征和特征空间,新的特征对于光谱数据分类是有效的.此方法是对光谱分类的一种全新尝试,对海量天体光谱的分类和挖掘处理有一定的开创意义.     

陕西丹凤县回头山晶质石墨矿的发现及地质意义

新发现的丹凤县回头山晶质石墨矿位于北秦岭复合岛弧杂岩带之东部,成矿区划为北秦岭Au-Cu-Mo-Sb-石墨-蓝晶石-红柱石-金红石成矿带。矿体赋存于古元古界秦岭岩群雁岭沟岩组和中元古界峡河岩群寨根岩组中,目前圈定晶质石墨矿体4条,初步估算晶质石墨矿物量达中型规模。在对成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、地球物理特征、矿石类型、矿石矿物赋存状态及特征开展研究的基础上,文章对矿床成因进行了初步探讨并归纳总结区域找矿标志。研究表明,回头山晶质石墨矿矿体多呈层状、似层状展布,全区固定碳含量2.57%～11.51%,平均值为5.90%。矿石类型可分为大理岩型、片岩型和片麻岩型三种,是区域变质型矿床。