GIS支持下人类活动对地下水动态影响的定量分析

应用地球动力学原理分析和研究了人类活动对水资源变化的影响,提出可将人为作用影响作为一个综合性的抽象指数,通过求取其它因素的变化利用余差法反求得到的计算思路.借助于GIS技术,建立了度量人为作用对地下水动态影响的通用数学模型,并用实例进行了验证,计算结果与实际情况相符,表明所提的方法是可行的.     

中国西北干旱区水资源可持续利用对策研究

近50年来，随着水土资源开发利用规模的不断扩大，西北干旱区的工农业与经济得到了快速发展，但同时也引发了一系列的环境问题，如河流下游水量锐减，甚至断流，泉水资源衰减；地下水超采，地下水位持续下降；水质恶化；土地次生盐渍化，沙漠化严重等。文章在详细分析中国西北干旱区水资源的特征以及水资源不合理开发利用所引发的环境问题的基础上，认为实行流域水资源统一规划与管理，发展新绿洲，建立高效节水型农业是实现我国西北干旱区水资源可持续利用的根本途径。     

赤潮预测的人工神经网络方法初步研究

赤潮是一种由多因素综合作用引发的生态异常现象,具有突发性及非线性等特点。对其进行预测预报一直是海洋科学研究的热点。探讨了应用人工神经网络原理进行赤潮预测的方法,简要介绍了BP和RBF算法的基本原理,用2种算法对不同海域赤潮生物与环境因子之间非线性和不确定性的复杂关系进行学习训练和预测检验,并与传统的统计方法进行了比较。结果表明：人工神经网络方法在模拟和预测方面优于传统的统计回归模型,具有较强的模拟预测能力及实用性,值得进一步探索。     

H'、AMBI和M-AMBI指数在黄河口及邻近海域底栖生境健康评价中的适宜性研究

From a dataset of macrobenthos obtained from 18 cruises from 2004 to 2013 in the Huanghe(Yellow River)Estuary and its adjacent areas,the composition and characteristics of macrobenthos were analyzed,and the applicability of the Shannon-Wiener Index(H′),AZTI's Marine Biotic Index(AMBI) and multivariate AMBI(MAMBI) for assessing benthic habitat quality was compared.The results showed a total of 203 macrobenthos in the study area.The macrobenthos were dominated by polychaetes,followed by mollusks and crustaceans.The macrobenthic ecological groups were dominated by EGI,EGII and EGIII,which respectively accounted for 31.5%,36.0% and 21.2% of the total.There were significant differences between the evaluation results of the three indices.The ecological quality status(EQS) levels given by the AMBI were greater than those given by the H′ and M-AMBI.The AMBI could not reflect the differences between 11 sites but the H′ and M-AMBI could do.Moreover,the three indices responded well to the variations in salinity(S) and dissolved oxygen(DO) in the waters.The H′ and MAMBI also responded sensitively to the differences in physical parameters,such as water depth and sediment texture.The correlation between M-AMBI and environmental pressure gradient data was the strongest.The MAMBI could effectively distinguish degraded conditions from undegraded but the H′ and AMBI could not.Therefore,the M-AMBI reflected benthic habitat health well in the study areas.However,the objectivity of evaluation results of M-AMBI needs further verification by physical,chemical and biological methods.The thresholds also need further discussion.     

中国气候和构造运动对花岗岩地貌的影响

Present granite landform characteristics and distribution are the integrated result of climate, tectonics and lithology. Various types of granite landforms in China signify climate zonality and differential vertical movement of earth surface, while published research results on Chinese granite landforms are very rare, especially in international journals. Based on the process analysis of chemical weathering and physical disintegration, four granite landform regions in China are classified according to the present climate regime. On the Tibetan Plateau, the cold and freezing climate induced periglacial landscapes; the northeast region is characterized by physical disintegration and low round mounds are widespread; in the northwest region controlled by arid climate, wind-carved minor landscapes are extremely prominent. The most spectacular granite landscapes in China are presented in southeast as a result of longtime chemical weathering under humid and warm conditions, as well as the differential uplift after Neogene. Correlating the weathering crust in southern China, Tibetan Plateau and India, a possible unified planation surface in Neogene is proposed. With corestones as indicators of original weathering front, the differential uplift extent of dissected planation surfaces can be estimated. At least three landforms implying uplift can be identified in southeastern China, with elevations of 300–400 m, 2000 m and 3600 m above the sea level respectively.     

多目标模糊优选模型在环境质量评价中的应用

环境质量评价属于多因子识别和排序问题。在实际应用中评价因子的基准往往难以确定 ,从而影响评价结果。针对此问题 ,提出了多目标模糊优选模型 ,它是分析多目标环境系统的一个较新的方法 ,在介绍该理论的基础上 ,建立了环境质量评价模型 ,并在吉林西部进行了应用 ,通过与其它评价方法的比较表明 ,该方法用于环境质量评价具有通用性、合理性和实用性     

基于AMBI和M-AMBI指数的黄河口及邻近海域底栖生境质量评价

The protection of the biological diversity and the maintenance of the regional ecological integrity for the Huanghe （Yellow River） Estuary and its adjacent areas are practically significant and valuable. However, frequent human activities and natural climate changes have caused vigorous disturbances on the ecosystem in these sea areas. An objective assessment on the benthic habitat quality （BHQ） of the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent areas is conducted, using AZTI＇s Marine Biotic Index （AMBI） and multivariate AMBI （M-AMBI） based on the data of macrobenthos in May and August 2011. The results show that both the indices do not correlate significantly, and their assessment results are greatly different. All of the samples assessed using the AMBI were ＂high＂ or ＂good＂, because the ecological group I （EGI） and the ecological group II （EGII） were dominant macrobenthic ecological groups in the research area. Owing to a low species＇ richness and a high individual abundance in some samples, the BHQ levels using the M-AMBI were worse than those of the AMBI. Significant correlations are observed between the M-AMBI, water depth, bottom water salinity and dissolved inorganic nitrogen, thus the M-AMBI could sensitively respond to environmental changes and distinguish influences from uninfluenced stations, but the AMBI could not. The consistent results between the AMBI and the M-AMBI mainly appeared in the uninfluenced （undisturbed or slightly disturbed） sta- tions. Therefore, the M-AMBI is more effective than the AMBI in assessing the benthic habitat quality in the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent areas. Using the M-AMBI to assess the BHQ of the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent areas, the results show that 3% of the stations are undisturbed and the BHQs are ＂high＂, and 61% of the stations are slightly disturbed and those of the BHQ are ＂good＂, and the rest are meanly disturbed and those of the BHQ are ＂moderate＂.     

关于点苍山“大理冰期”

云南点苍山是大理冰期的命名地, 通过文献查询明确了大理冰期这一概念提出的过程. 基于多次的实地考察, 对云南点苍山冰川地貌进行了系统研究, 建立了该地区第四纪以来冰川活动可靠的年代序列, 明确了冰川发育的规模. 研究结果表明, 点苍山最早的冰川活动发生于30~ 40 ka BP, 之后经历了末次冰期晚阶段、晚冰期、新冰期等各次冰川前进, 直至1.2~1.5 cal ka BP 前后冰川最后消失. 空间上, 该地区的冰川活动仅局限于海拔3600 m以上的主体部分, 低海拔及其周边山体上没有冰川发育.     

莱州湾西部海域海洋生态系统健康评价的结构功能指标法

海洋生态系统健康属于一个新的领域，目前尚没有十分明确的定义。生态系统健康评价需要基于生态系统的结构、功能过程来确定指标。本文采用结构功能指标评价分析方法，以莱州湾西部海域为研究对象，利用层次分析法确定了评价因子的层次关系和重要度，建立了海洋生态系统健康综合评价指数模型。评价结果显示，莱州湾西部海域生态系统健康程度总体属一般，部分海域已达较差状态。经过屿实际情况在空间以及时间上的对比，说明评价结果基本是合理的，证明了所采用的方法具有一定的应用价值。