卵黄蛋白原研究及其进展

卵黄蛋白原是特异地存在于非哺乳类性成熟的卵生雌性动物血液中的一种蛋白 ,是几乎所有卵生动物卵黄蛋白的前体。Ｖｇ最初是Ｐａｎ等人［１５］１９６９年对雌性昆虫血液淋巴蛋白的特称 ,后来这一名称被广泛用于特指雌性动物血浆中卵黄蛋白原。Ｖｇ为正在发育的胚胎提供氨基酸、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素、磷和硫等营养和功能性物质。随着研究的深入,人们发现 ,卵黄蛋白原不仅为胚胎发生时提供营养物质 ,它在生物体内还具有其他的生物学功能。１卵黄蛋白原的合成方式卵子发生过程中卵黄的形成对于胚胎发生时所需营养物质的提供具有至关重要…     

酚氧化酶研究概况Ⅰ——特性、功能、分布和在胚胎发育中的变化

酚氧化酶(phenoloxidase, PO)参与无脊椎动物的防御反应.在无脊椎动物中, PO一般以无活性的酶原形式--酚氧化酶原(prophenoloxidase, proPO)存在[1].     

牙鲆鳃淋巴样组织内免疫相关细胞的超微结构

利用电镜技术观察海水鱼类牙鲆鳃小片的基本结构及其免疫相关细胞的分布和形态。牙鲆的鳃小片主要由扁平上皮细胞和柱细胞构成 ,血窦腔极为发达。鳃小片在功能上可分为两个区 :气体交换区和免疫区。气体交换区位于上半部分 ,血窦内主要分布着红细胞 ;免疫区位于鳃小片基部 ,血窦腔中分布着各种免疫相关细胞 :淋巴细胞、单核细胞、中性粒细胞和酸性粒细胞。此外 ,还观察到了泌氯细胞和粘液细胞。研究结果证明 ,牙鲆的鳃在局部粘膜免疫中具有重要的作用 ,是鱼类免疫体系中的有机组成成分之一     

动物化学防御系统的组成及作用机制

化学防御系统是生物抵御环境中化学胁迫和维持内环境稳态的重要机制,由长期进化出的一系列基因家族、蛋白和相关反应通路组成。该系统的核心组分包括:(1)受体和配体激活转录因子,其负责感知有毒化合物;(2)生物转化酶,其通过氧化、还原和结合反应使有毒物质的毒性降低,增加亲水性,使化合物更易排出;(3)外排转运蛋白,其负责将外源物质或生物转化产生的代谢物排出细胞;(4)抗氧化酶,其作用是保护细胞免受外部和内部产生的活性氧或自由基的伤害。本综述对动物化学防御系统的组成及作用机制进行概述,为研究海洋无脊椎动物的化学防御系统提供参考。     

Genes of the adaptive immune system are expressed early in zebrafish larval development following lipopolysaccharide stimulation

Information regarding immunocompetence of the adaptive immune system(AIS) in zebrafish Danio rerio remains limited.Here,we stimulated an immune response in fish embryos,larvae and adults using lipopolysaccharide(LPS) and measured the upregulation of a number of AIS-related genes(Rag2,AID,TCRAC,IgLC-1,mIg,sIg,IgZ and DAB) 3 and 18 h later.We found that all of the genes evaluated were strongly induced following LPS stimulation,with most of them responding at 8 d post fertilization.This confirms that a functional adaptive immune response is present in D.rerio larvae,and provides a window for further functional analyses.     

CYTOTOXICITY AND GENOTOXICITY OF POLYETHYLENIMINE AND NICKEL CHLORIDE IN RED SEA BREAM (Pagrosomus major) FIN CELL LINE RSBF

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅｄｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｓｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｅｄａｃｌｏｓｅｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｎｅｏｐｌａｓｔｉｃｄｉｓｅａｓｅｏｆａｑｕａｔｉｃｏｒ ｇａｎｉｓｍｓａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｒｅｌｅａｓｅｏｆｇｅｎｏｔｏｘｉｎｓｂｙａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｉｃａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｔｏａｑｕａｔｉｃｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ(Ｍｉｘ ,1 986;Ｇａｒｄｎｅｒｅｔａｌ.,1 991 ;ＧＥＳＡＭＰ ,1 991 ) .Ｉｔｈａｓ,ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,ｂｅｃｏｍｅｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｅ…     

Expression of nitric oxide synthase in the developing eye of Ze-brafish Danio rerio

1 INTRODUCTION Nitric oxide (NO), a highly free radical gas, is recently discovered as messenger molecule involved in different cellular and developmental events including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis as well as neural pathfinding and synapse formation. NO is synthesized from amino acid L-arginine by catalytic action of a family of isoen-zymes called nitric oxide synthases (NOS) (Palmer, 1988). NOS require nicotinamide adenine dinucleo-tide phosphate (NADPH) as a…     

Antioxidant enzyme activities in different genders and tissues of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense

Information regarding antioxidant enzymes in amphioxus remains lacking, and this study was carried out to examine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in different genders and tissues of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. Results show that (1) CuZn-SOD, CAT and GPX activities in the whole amphioxus B. belcheri tsing- tauense were basically at the same levels in male and female amphioxus, whereas both T-SOD and Mn-SOD activities in male amphioxus were significantly higher than that in the female (P<0.05); (2) The testis had significantly higher T-SOD and CuZn-SOD activities than the ovary (P<0.05); (3) CuZn-SOD activity was undetectable in the guts of male and female amphioxus; (4) For both male and female am- phioxus, the activities of CAT and GPX in the gonads including testis and ovary were the lowest (P<0.05) among the tissues examined; (5) The gut and gill had the same level GPX activities while the gut had a higher CAT activity; (6) There was no clear difference in CAT and GPX activities in the corresponding tissues between male and female amphioxus. The study on SOD, CAT and GPX activities in different genders and tissues of the protochordate provides data for future comparison of amphioxus antioxidant enzymes with those of invertebrates and vertebrates.     

文昌鱼幼体体腔、血管发育的初步研究

本文研究了24,48h文昌鱼幼体体腔、血管的发育状况,旨在为研究文昌鱼体腔细胞、粒细胞的起源和分化提供依据。1　材料和方法1.1　实验材料青岛文昌鱼(BranchiostomabelcheriTsingtauense)24,48h幼体。1.2　方法文昌鱼幼体经2.5%戊二醛(0.1mol/L二甲砷酸钠配制,pH7.3)固定1h,1%锇酸固定1h,然后经系列酒精脱水,Epon812包埋。半薄切片(2μm)经碱性美蓝-品红染色[1],光镜观察、照相。半薄切片定位的样品经超薄切片,醋酸双氧铀、柠檬酸铅染色,JEM-100cx电镜观察、照相。2　结果2.1　光镜观察结果青岛文昌鱼卵子在室温条件下自受精后50～60min…     

文昌鱼与比较基因组学和分子发育生物学

文昌鱼是现存的与脊椎动物原始祖先最接近的无脊椎动物，长期以来一直作为研究动物进化和胚胎发育的典型材料。目前，文昌鱼的基因序列和表达模式已经被广泛用于不同物种之间的比较基因组学研究和发育同源性分析中。文昌鱼独特的进化地位和它未经复制的基因组使其在比较基因组学中有着无可比拟的优越性，通过对文昌鱼、无脊椎动物和脊椎动物的基因组之间的比较，可以揭示脊椎动物原始祖先基因组的结构和演化过程进而探索人类的起源。同时，通过对文昌鱼和其它物种发育基因表达图式的比较可以显示不同生物身体部位之间的同源关系，并可以了解发育基因是如何引起不同物种之间形态变化的。