中国典型农区县域社会不平等空间模式与地域差异——以河南省为例

以河南省为例,从社会剥夺视角系统检测了传统农区粮食连增背景下县域社会不平等空间模式、地域差异及形成机制。结果表明：河南省县域社会不平等强度整体较高,社会发展水平呈西高东低格局,总体上形成核心—边缘半环形空间结构。河南省县域社会不平等地域差异特征显著,中原城市群社会发展水平最高,但县区间差距最大;豫东地区县域社会发展呈较低水平空间均衡,粮食主产县区的“粮财倒挂”和“粮食与民生倒挂”现象并存;农村县域社会发展水平显著滞后于城市辖区,但其县区间差距更大,约为城市辖区的2倍。河南省县域社会不平等空间格局受区域经济发展、社会政策、空间战略及历史发展路径依赖等因素共同影响,有着显著社会经济综合转型的结构性特征。     

环渤海地区土地利用效益综合测度及空间分异

土地利用的多功能性决定了土地利用效益的多样化。通过构建土地利用效益评价指标体系、效益测度指数与耦合协调发展度模型,探讨了环渤海地区县域土地利用的社会效益、经济效益、生态效益、耦合格局及其协调发展特征。研究表明:环渤海地区土地利用效益的空间分异性与集聚性特征显著;经济社会中高值区主要分布在沿海地区和内陆平原区,生态高值区以冀西北间山盆地、坝上高原和辽宁山地丘陵区为主;从土地利用效益耦合度类型看,环渤海地区磨合阶段区域数量最多,占研究区的63.9%,集中分布于冀中冀南和山东省;低度耦合、拮抗阶段的区域呈带状环绕环渤海北部地区;高度耦合区域呈现出散乱的点状空间分布格局;协调发展度指数显示,轻度失调区占据主导地位,其次是初级协调区域,滞后失调区域数量较少,分别占环渤海地区总面积的51.09%、31.76%和10.87%。通过划分土地利用类型区,制定差别化区域土地利用政策,加强区域土地管理与规划,建立健全区域利益协调与补偿机制,是今后统筹协调土地利用的社会经济生态效益的重要方向。     

基于生计转型的中国农村居民点用地整治适宜区域

理论解析以非农就业程度表征的农户生计转型和以人均农村居民点用地面积度量的农村土地利用特征的相互关系,应用GIS技术和空间自相关分析方法研究中国县域尺度农户生计转型的存在性、拐点值及其主导下的农村居民点用地整治适宜区域,为规范推进农村居民点用地整治与重构乡村地域的可持续性提供决策参考。结果表明,农户非农就业程度与人均农村居民点用地面积存在倒U型规律;资源禀赋、经济发展阶段、地形等外部因子影响农户生计与农村土地利用的相互关系;控制资源禀赋、地形等外部因子作用的农户非农就业程度拐点为38.36%,结合人均农村居民点用地规模,可将中国县域划分为适宜程度依次递减的优先整治区、优化调整区、适度挖潜区与限制整治区等4 种类型区;最后,提出了切实反映农户生计特征的区域农村居民点用地整治政策建议。     

吴传钧院士九十华诞贺寿 座谈会暨人地关系地域系统学术研讨会召开

2008年4月2日,是我国杰出的地理学家、中国科学院资深院士、中国地理学会名誉理事长、国际地理联合会(IGU)原副主席、<地域研究与开发>特聘顾问、中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所研究员吴传钧先生九十华诞.     

1996-2005年中国沿海地区土地利用转换时空分析

Based on the acquaintance of the regional background of urban-rural transforma- tional development and investigations on the spot, this paper discusses the holistic situation, dominant factors and mechanism of arable land loss and land for construction occupation in the coastal area of China over the last decade, with the aid of GIS technology. Conclusions of the research are summarized as follows: (1) the arable land had been continuously de- creasing from 1996 to 2005, with a loss of 1,708,700 hm2 and an average decrement of 170,900 hm2 per year; (2) land for construction increased 1,373,700 hm2, with an average increment of 153,200 hm2 per year; (3) total area of encroachment on arable land for con- struction between 1996 and 2005 was 1,053,100 hm2, accounting for 34.03% of the arable land loss in the same period, the percentages of which used for industrial land (INL), trans- portation land (TRL), rural construction land (RUL) and town construction land (TOL) are 45.03%, 15.8%, 15.47% and 11.5%, respectively; and (4) the fluctuation of the increase of construction land and encroachment on arable land in the area were deeply influenced by the nation's macroscopic land-use policies and development level of regional economy. The growth of population and advancement of technology promoted the rapid industrialization, construction of transportation infrastructures, rural urbanization and expansion of rural set- tlements in the eastern coastal area, and therefore were the primary driving forces of land-use conversion.     

1990-2005年广州城市土地覆被景观变化

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N-S and the other W-E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N-S and W-E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N-S and W-E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W-E was obviously higher than that in the transect N-S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

农业地理与乡村发展研究新近进展

本文首先总结了近年来国际上农业地理与乡村发展研究进展,涉及研究的领域、理论和方法及其发展趋势,随后回顾了中华人民共和国成立以来中国农业地理与乡村发展学科的研究进展、取得的重要成果及其在农业与农村发展决策实践中的应用。中国农业地理与乡村发展学科的研究进展归纳为研究成果、新方法与新技术应用、主要成果和项目影响及决策服务应用等方面。其中研究成果主要包括：① 农业与乡村地理学综合研究;② 乡村转型发展与重构;③ 新农村建设综合研究;④ 城镇化、农村空心化与空心村整治;⑤ 中心村与专业村建设;⑥ 城乡发展一体化与等值化;⑦ 区域农业与乡村发展研究;⑧ 研究成果的系统化与国际化。最后,通过比较国内外相关领域的研究进展,联系中国实际,展望了未来中国农业与乡村地理学研究。     

论我国草原牧区畜牧业与乡村发展

草原牧区是我国农业生产的一个特殊区域,其地理位置和自然条件赋予它独特的资源优势。然而,严重的草原荒漠化,致使本区生态环境恶化,社会经济发展受阻。在经济全球化和人地矛盾突出的新形势下,深入探讨我国草原牧区人与自然、经济与社会协调发展途径,势在必行。基于对草原牧区功能、现状与困境分析,提出了牧区畜牧业与乡村发展须依托本地自然、人力和文化资源优势。以市场培育、管理规范、人才培养和基础设施等政府政策服务系统建设为支撑,重点发展优质绿色畜牧业和草原生态旅游业两大支柱产业,并以此带动源头与下游产业发展,从而实现牧民增收、畜牧业增效和乡村持续发展的目标。     

松辽盆地中生代火山岩中的氟碳钙铈矿特征及成因意义

在松辽盆地深层发育的中生代酸性火山岩中首次发现氟碳钙铈矿.氟碳钙铈矿的寄主岩为球粒流纹岩、流纹岩、流纹质熔结凝灰岩、流纹质凝灰岩,其寄主岩分布深度为2 930～3 830m,形成时代为早白孚世晚期.氟碳钙铈矿常与石英、碳酸盐、钠铁闪石、钠长石、绿泥石、绿帘石、粘土矿物等次生矿物共生,并与天然气储层有着一种内在的联系.氟碳钙铈矿是岩浆后期热液和大气降水多阶段、多次作用萃取的产物,这种相互作用是多无体系参与并经历了多阶段演化,氟碳钙铈矿形成于富Ca2+抖和CO23;的流体及还原环境.松辽盆地周边地区广泛发育的中生代火山岩与松辽盆地深层中生代火山岩十分相似,松辽盆地周边地区是否存在一个巨大的氟碳钙铈矿潜在资源,值得注意.