公众气象服务满意度评价指标体系的构建方法

从通常意义上的满意程度度量的角度,结合气象服务特征,探究公众气象服务满意程度的度量问题、基于单指标评价的公众气象服务满意率和公众气象服务满意度及其度量特征,并介绍基于多指标评价技术——公众气象服务满意度评价指标体系,得到以下主要结论：1）使用单指标评价公众气象服务满意程度时,建议使用公众气象服务满意度;使用多指标评价公众气象服务满意程度时,建议构建公众气象服务满意度评价指标体系。2）满意度和满意率度量的区别在于前者侧重于满意的深度,后者侧重于满意的广度;前者的结果较后者波动更为小、更为稳定和科学。公众气象服务满意度评价指标体系是基于分层法和计量法的多指标评价方法,能够全面地度量公众气象服务满意度,发现满意度的多层次分布特征,找出影响气象服务满意度的主要因子,从而改进公众气象服务质量。     

大气对流初生的研究进展与展望

大气中的对流初生(Convective Initiation,CI)是强对流天气发生的重要征兆,是强对流天气预报预警的重点所在,近些年越来越被关注。本文回顾了国内外CI的研究进展,主要包括CI的定义、基于雷达数据和卫星数据的CI成熟算法、CI局地时空分布特征、影响CI的主要因子等方面。在此基础上,对CI未来研究作一展望,以期加深对CI的认识,为强对流天气短临预报预警提供参考依据。     

广西西江流域致洪暴雨过程中尺度特征及机制分析

利用广西逐站逐小时降水量、1°×1°逐小时FY-2C的TBB资料和1°×1°逐6 h NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,应用空间25点平滑滤波方法,分析了2005年6月18~22日西江流域致洪暴雨过程的中尺度特征及其发生、发展的机制。结果表明:这次致洪暴雨过程的降水时空分布不均,具有明显的中尺度特征。雨团集中出现在TBB值的低值中心、低值中心北侧等值线密集的地方以及等值线曲率大的地方。镶嵌于大尺度西南气流中的中尺度涡旋系统在西江流域反复生成,导致对流云团不断生成和加强,是此次暴雨产生的直接原因。暴雨区上空中尺度经向垂直环流圈的存在对中尺度涡旋和对流云团的发生和发展具有促进作用。中低层弱的对流不稳定与强的水平风垂直切变和湿斜压性共存是此次暴雨产生和持续发展的重要机制。     

梅雨锋暴雨的Q矢量定性分析

本文利用1991年7月5日20时－6日20时一次江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程实部资料，结合地面降水分析，定性地比较分析了准地转Q矢量、半地转Q矢量及湿Q矢量的诊断特性。结果表明，半地转Q矢量比准地转Q矢量优越。非地转Q矢量与湿Q矢量相差不大，都明显比半地转Q矢量及准地转Q矢量优越。准地转Q矢量表现最差；700hPa各Q矢量的辐合场较各自在850hPa及500hPa的相应场对降水的反映更好，尤其是700hPa非地转Q矢量及湿Q矢量辐合场与同时刻地面降水的发生有很好的对应关系；与降水对应的Q矢量的辐合场基本位于槽前及气旋的中、前方，这对台站实际业务预报工作有参考价值。     

热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压的个例分析

利用NCEP/NCAR1000—10hPa2.5°×2.5°日平均和每日4次再分析资料,分析了2003年6月19—25日热带对流层上空东风带扰动对西太平洋副热带高压东西向进退的影响。结果表明:热带对流层上空东风带扰动从对流层中低层伸展到50hPa高度附近,在200hPa上表现最为明显,在热力场上表现出“上暖强,下冷弱”的垂直分布特征。当西太平洋副热带高压南/北侧的东/西风带上的扰动在相向运动中抵达同一经度上时,对应于西太平洋副热带高压的异常东退。垂直涡度方程的诊断分析表明:在东风带扰动附近,涡度倾向效应贯穿于对流层整层到50hPa高度上,在200hPa高度附近表现最显著,当高层东风带扰动东/西侧的负/正变涡增强时,当东/西风带扰动在相向移动过程中,它们涡度倾向正值区在130°E南北打通时,西太平洋副热带高压出现突然东撤。涡度方程分析还表明,对于涡度倾向变化的贡献中,水平涡度平流的贡献最大、β效应的贡献最小;当东风带扰动附近的水平涡度平流和β效应增强时、且由β效应所引起的东/西风带扰动中的南、北风分量在130°E附近南北同相迭加出现“正压发展”时,有显著的正涡度增长,对应于西太平洋副热带高压的东撤。     

Thermodynamic Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones with RapidIntensity Change over the Coastal Waters of China

In order to investigate the different thermodynamic mechanisms between rapid intensifying (RI) and rapid weakening (RW) tropical cyclones (TCs),the thermodynamic structures of two sets of composite TCs are analyzed based on the complete-form vertical vorticity tendency equation and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.Each composite is composed of five TCs,whose intensities change rapidly over the coastal waters of China.The results show that the maximum apparent heating source Q1 exists in both the upper and lower troposphere near the RI TC center,and Q1 gets stronger at the lower level during the TC intensification period.But for the RW TC,the maximum Q1 exists at the middle level near the TC center,and Q1 gets weaker while the TC weakens.The maximum apparent moisture sink Q2 lies in the mid troposphere.Q2 becomes stronger and its peak-value height rises while TC intensifies,and vice versa.The increase of diabatic heating with height near the TC center in the mid-upper troposphere and the increase of vertical inhomogeneous heating near the TC center in the lower troposphere are both favorable to the TCs' rapid intensification; otherwise,the intensity of the TC decreases rapidly.     

Study on the Structure of a Horizontal Shear Line over the Tibetan Plateau Based on CRA-Interim Datasets and Its Comparison with ERA-Interim Datasets

The CRA-Interim trial production of the global atmospheric reanalysis for 10 years from 2007 to 2016 is carried out by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) in 2017. The structural characteristics of the horizontal shear line over the Tibetan Plateau (TPHSL) based on the CRA-Interim datasets are examined by objectively identifying the shear line, and compared with the analysis results of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)the European Center (ECMWF) reanalysis data (ERA-Interim). The case occurred at 18UTC on July 5, 2016. The results show that both of the ERA-Interim and CRA-Interim datasets can well reveal the circulation background and the dynamic and thermal structure characteristics of TPHSL, and they have shown some similar features. The middle and high latitudes at 500 hPa are characterized by500hPa present the circulation situation of     

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MERIDIONALLY ORIENTED SHEAR LINES OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH RAINSTORMS IN THE BOREAL SUMMER HALF-YEAR

In this paper, European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Reanalysis-Interim(ERAInterim) data and daily precipitation data in China from May to October during 1981-2016 are used to study the climatic characteristics of the meridionally oriented shear lines(MSLs) over the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The relationship between the MSL and rainstorms in the eastern TP and neighboring areas of the TP during the boreal summer half-year is also investigated. An objective method, which uses a combination of three parameters, i.e. the zonal shear of the meridional wind, the relative vorticity and the zero line of meridional wind, is adopted to identify the shear line. The results show that there are two high-occurrence centers of MSL. One is over the central TP(near 90°E) and the other is over the steep slope area of the eastern TP. Fewer MSLs are found along the Yarlung Zangbo River over the western TP and the southern Tibet. There are averagely 42.2 MSL days in each boreal summer half-year. The number of MSL days reaches the maximum of 62 in 2014 and the minimum of 22 in 2006. July and October witness the maximum of 10.2 MSL days/year and the minimum of 4.2 MSL days/year, respectively. The annual number of the MSL days shows periodicities of 2-4 and 4-6 years, which is quite similar to those of the MSL rainstorm days. In the neighboring areas of the TP, nearly56% of the MSLs lead to rainstorms, and nearly 40% of rainstorms are caused by the MSLs, indicating a close relationship between the MSLs and rainstorms in this region.     

公众气象服务满意度测评量表的设计与检验

针对公众气象服务满意度评价问题,简述了公众气象满意度问题的提出、来源和内涵,综合考虑国内外气象服务满意度、质量评价工作的研究成果和现代气象服务的业务现状,确立了公众气象服务满意度评价的3个一级指标和13个二级指标,设计了公众气象服务满意度测评量表(业务中称为调查问卷).采用验证性因素分析方法,对该量表的信度和效度进行实证检验,特别检验了结构效度的聚合效度和区分效度两个方面,结果表明所设计的测评量表具有良好的信度和效度.同时,气象服务满意度的指标评价结果与综合满意度评价结果具有高度关联,可以有效解构气象服务满意度特征,对于挖掘分析公众不同层面的气象服务需求具有重要作用.     

2003年梅雨期干冷空气的活动及其对梅雨降水的作用

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和卫星云图,分析了2003年梅雨期暴雨过程中干冷空气侵入和演变的特征以及干冷空气侵入对暴雨发生、发展和维持的作用,得到以下结论:梅雨期中高纬度环流的演变和调整与暴雨过程密切相关,亚洲北部阻塞高压的建立和维持,使得500 hPa高度上西风锋区南压,导致干冷空气南下,极涡活动的异常偏东和加强有助于冷空气向江淮流域输送,有利于江淮流域暴雨的发展.在江淮流域梅雨期间,干冷空气的活跃与暴雨过程相对应.干冷空气来源于中高纬度和中高层,当它南下或下降到达江淮流域以北或上空时,与北上的暖湿气流交汇,使得暴雨产生和发展.中低层30°N以北的正环流的下沉支是干冷空气的输送"载体";江淮流域以北的对流层中低层的北风对淮河流域对流层的形成和发展起着重要作用,同样,高层北风所产生的高空辐散叠置于低层辐合区之上,有利于江淮流域暴雨的发生发展.而且,干冷空气的侵入有利于干层的形成和维持,干层的存在加强了暴雨过程的对流性不稳定,对暴雨的加强和发展起重要作用.干冷空气侵入是梅雨湿度锋形成和维持的一个重要动力和热力原因.卫星云图上分析发现,干冷空气的侵入轨迹为一条明显的暗区,干冷空气南下侵入到黄河以南后,分为两支,其中一支"干侵入2"从西南方向侵入,与冷锋云系相互作用,对暴雨的发生和发展起着关键的作用,这与Browning等强调的"干侵入"不尽相同.