黄河口的变迁对邻近海区潮波运动影响的数值研究

研究表明,黄河三角洲附近海区的潮汐和潮流分布具有如下显著特征:黄河口外存在M2分潮的无点潮(方国洪,1986)和S2分潮的无潮点(王淑雪等,1987),以及五号桩海区属于规则全日潮区。 关于黄河口外存在M2分潮无潮点的问题,自Ogura(1936)首次提出以来,一直是本区潮汐潮流研究中倍受重视的问題。据方国洪(1986)的统计,迄今为止,反映在黄河口外存在M2分潮无潮点位置的渤海同潮图的文献已有20篇之多(丁文兰,1985;山广林等,1983;方国洪,1986;方国洪等,1985;方国洪等,1986;王淑雪等,1987;刘爱菊等,1980;孙文心等,1981;沈育疆,1980;侍茂崇等,1985;黄祖珂,1991;An,1977;Fang1986 Nishida,1980;Ogura,1936; ?opИc,1958)。从表1可以看出,历年来不同学者给出的黄河口外M2分潮无潮点的位置各不相同,本文作者认为这主要是由于黄河三角洲的变迁造成的。统计表明,在1855年至1984年间,近代黄河三角洲自套尔河口至淄脉沟口的年淤进速率为0.16km,挑河湾至宋春荣沟口为0.16km,而年淤进速率最大的五号桩区(即直接影响黄河口外M2分潮无潮点位置的区域)的年淤进速率达0.3km。海湾中的无潮点是入射的潮波与自湾顶反射的潮波叠加而形成的节点,由于近代黄河三角洲的海岸线不断向海中推进,在黄河尾闾的不同时期,黄河三角洲海岸线的位置便有显著变化,这必然会使无潮点的位置随着时间的推移而发生变化。然而表1中M2无潮点的不同位置并不完全是由于黄河三角洲岸线变化引起的,由于表1中的多数无潮点的位置是数值计算的结果,而不同的人在数值计算中所用的边界条件和底摩擦应力的表达式及其系数又不尽相同,因此必然造成计算结果的差异。这里值得指出的是王淑雪等(1987)的结果,这一结果是根据1985年8-9月在黄河口外几个站进行连续1个月的水位观测资料得出的M2无潮点位置,在此点上,M2分潮振幅仅为0.8cm。当然,由于渤海潮汐中存在着显著的天文一气象分潮(方国洪等,1986),故根据夏天一个月的潮汐资料分析得到调和常数与由长期(如一年)潮汐资料所得到的调和常数是有差别的,由此而得到的无潮点的位置仍会有一定的误差,但应该说,这一结果所给出的无潮点位置对于清水沟流路的单一顺直阶段的黄河三角洲岸线而言,已是最接近实际的了。既然黄河口的变迁是黄河口外M2分潮无潮点位置的变化的主要因子,那么自1855年以来由于黄河口的不断变迁使黄河口外M2分潮无潮点位置产生了怎样的变化?本文将探讨这一问題。至于黄河口外是否有S2分潮无潮点的问题,或者说,黄河口外曾存在过的S2分潮的无潮点现在是否已经消失仍是人们所关心的问题,本文中也将讨论。 实测表明,在M2分潮无潮点附近的验潮站处,潮位的全日潮分量(即K1和O1分潮)作用突然增大,使黄河三角洲沿岸的潮汐性质发生了显著变化,即不规则半日潮→不规则全日潮→规则全日潮→不规则半日潮(表2)。近一百多年来黄河三角洲的变迁对黄河三角洲沿岸各站的潮汐性质的变化究竟产生了什么样的影响也是本文将探讨的内容之一。 本文将利用数值模拟方法,通过考察不同时期黄河三角洲附近海域潮汐、潮流的分布特征,对上述各问题加以探讨,为黄河口的开发提供依据。     

微波辐射计遥感海水盐度的水池实验研究

通过水池实验研究了L波段微波辐射和盐度的关系,并进行了盐度的反演计算。实验中,先向水池内加入天然海水,然后通过向水池中添加自来水的方式调节降低池内水体的盐度,使盐度从31.67逐步降低到27.48。在此期间,利用微波辐射计观测池内水体的L波段H极化和V极化辐射值以及S波段V极化辐射值,利用CTD观测池内水体的温度和盐度。L波段微波辐射值和根据辐射理论计算出的亮温值具有很好的线性关系。利用最大和最小的2个盐度下的微波辐射值和由辐射理论计算的亮温得到定标公式,将观测的辐射值换算为亮温。最后利用半解析的反演算法反演盐度。本次实验的反演最大误差为2.1,均方差为0.3。     

南大洋凯尔盖朗海台区的流场结构及季节变化

利用冰-海耦合等密面模式模拟了南大洋凯尔盖朗海台区的环流及其季节变化.对模拟结果的分析表明,该海区的南极绕极流具有非常显着的条带状分布和非纬向性特征.南极绕极流流经凯尔盖朗海台时,在海台的南部、中部和北部表现出不同的形式,其南部的一个分支贴近南极大陆,与西向的陆坡流之间有强的相互作用.海台以北的南极绕极流的变化以年周期为主,海台以南的变化以半年周期为主,其时间变化规律与这里的风应力的变化规律是一致的.     

2010年马卡罗夫海盆冰站观测期间垂向热通量时间变化研究

Based on hydrographic data obtained at an ice camp deployed in the Makarov Basin by the 4th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition in August of 2010, temporal variability of vertical heat flux in the upper ocean of the Makarov Basin is investigated together with its impacts on sea ice melt and evolution of heat content in the remnant of winter mixed layer(r WML). The upper ocean of the Makarov Basin under sea ice is vertically stratified. Oceanic heat flux from mixed layer(ML) to ice evolves in three stages as a response to air temperature changes, fluctuating from 12.4 W/m2 to the maximum 43.6 W/m2. The heat transferred upward from ML can support(0.7±0.3) cm/d ice melt rate on average, and daily variability of melt rate agrees well with the observed results. Downward heat flux from ML across the base of ML is much less, only 0.87 W/m2, due to enhanced stratification in the seasonal halocline under ML caused by sea ice melt, indicating that increasing solar heat entering summer ML is mainly used to melt sea ice, with a small proportion transferred downward and stored in the r WML. Heat flux from ML into r WML changes in two phases caused by abrupt air cooling with a day lag. Meanwhile, upward heat flux from Atlantic water(AW) across the base of r WML, even though obstructed by the cold halocline layer(CHL), reaches0.18 W/m2 on average with no obvious changing pattern and is also trapped by the r WML. Upward heat flux from deep AW is higher than generally supposed value near 0, as the existence of r WML enlarges the temperature gradient between surface water and CHL. Acting as a reservoir of heat transferred from both ML and AW, the increasing heat content of r WML can delay the onset of sea ice freezing.     

Thermohaline structure inhomogeneity associated with polynia at the northern margin of Emery Ice-shelf

Based on the hydrographic data in austral summer during the 22nd Antarctic Expedition of China(2005/2006),some features can be found about the northern margin of Emery ice shelf as follows.The heat content in the surface layer(0-50 m) at the eastern end and the western end of the ice-shelf margin is much higher than that at the middle.The upper mixing-layer depth and the seasonal thermocline depth at the middle of the ice-shelf northern margin are much shallower than those at the both ends.However there is much less difference between the middle and the ends in the bottom layer.The remote sensing photos show that the inhomogeneity in the surface-layer water is closely related to the spatial distribution of the floes and polynia in the area.     

极区海洋锚碇观测系统的设计和布放

中国第2次北极科学考察(2003年7月-9月)期间,在白令海峡和北冰洋楚科奇海布放了一套潜标和两套明标,在该次考察结束前成功回收了潜标和1套明标,获得了最长为45天的连续观测资料。通过介绍这次布放过程,对极区锚碇系统的相关技术问题进行了讨论,包括观测站位和层次的选择,锚碇系统的设计、布放步骤等,为有海冰存在的低温海域布放锚碇系统提供参考。     

南大洋物理过程在全球气候系统中的作用

南大洋是全球面积最大的一个大洋。传统观点倾向于认为由于南大洋与北半球相距遥远而与北半球气候系统关系不大,其全球性气候效应也较弱,这主要是由于以往对南大洋的了解不足。随着观测分析、数值模拟与理论研究的加强,以及对南大洋的认识不断加深,南大洋的气候效应日益凸显。从南极底层水、南极绕极流、南大洋海冰、南大洋与热带之间的遥相关、以及南大洋对气候变化的响应等多个角度梳理了南大洋物理过程特别是动力过程在全球气候系统中的作用,较为完整地总结了对南大洋气候效应的已有认识,并结合南大洋研究现状对未来有价值的科学问题和潜在的研究热点进行了探讨,以期强调南大洋在全球气候系统中的重要地位,推动南大洋研究不断走向深入。     

环南澳大利亚太平洋-印度洋海洋间南极中层水环流

On the basis of the salinity distribution of isopycnal(σ_0=27.2 kg/m~3) surface and in salinity minimum, the Antarctic Intermediate Water(AAIW) around South Australia can be classified into five types corresponding to five regions by using in situ CTD observations. Type 1 is the Tasman AAIW, which has consistent hydrographic properties in the South Coral Sea and the North Tasman Sea. Type 2 is the Southern Ocean(SO) AAIW, parallel to and extending from the Subantarctic Front with the freshest and coldest AAIW in the study area. Type 3 is a transition between Type 1 and Type 2. The AAIW transforms from fresh to saline with the latitude declining(equatorward). Type 4, the South Australia AAIW, has relatively uniform AAIW properties due to the semienclosed South Australia Basin. Type 5, the Southeast Indian AAIW, progressively becomes more saline through mixing with the subtropical Indian intermediate water from south to north. In addition to the above hydrographic analysis of AAIW, the newest trajectories of Argo(Array for real-time Geostrophic Oceanography) floats were used to constructed the intermediate(1 000 m water depth) current field, which show the major interocean circulation of AAIW in the study area. Finally, a refined schematic of intermediate circulation shows that several currents get together to complete the connection between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. They include the South Equatorial Current and the East Australia Current in the Southwest Pacific Ocean, the Tasman Leakage and the Flinders Current in the South Australia Basin, and the extension of Flinders Current in the southeast Indian Ocean.     

普里兹湾区水团和环流时空变化的若干问题

自50年代后期以来国际上对普里兹湾区海洋过程的调査研究不断加强(Zverev,1959,1963; Izvekov,1959),尤其是进入80年代后,由于在现场考察中采用了CTD系统和浮标测流系统,人们对该区海洋过程的认识有了长足的进步。但由于该海区的热盐结构有非常显著的时空变化(Kornilov,1971; Smith et al.,1984; Middleton and Hamphries,1989;乐肯堂等,1996,1997),因而对该海区水团和环流中的若干重要问题,例如环流子午向分布向题,底层水形成问题,热盐结构时空变化间题等,仍缺乏足够的了解。 在乐肯堂等(1996,1997)的文章中,我们主要根据中国第六次(CNARE-Ⅵ,1989-1990)和第七次(CNARE-Ⅶ,1990-1991)南极考察中的海洋调查资料,分析了普里兹湾区的热盐结构、环流性质和混合过程。在本文中,我们将着重分析中国第八次(CNARE-Ⅷ,1991-1992)和第九次(CNARE-Ⅸ,1992-1993)南极考察中的CTD资料,并结合CNARE-Ⅵ,Ⅶ的资料,对该区的水团和环流的时空变化问题进行初步探讨。 关于CNARE-Ⅵ和 CNARE-Ⅶ的资料概况可见乐肯堂等(1996),不再重述。CNARE-Ⅷ的CTD断面设置与 CNARE-Ⅶ相同[参见乐肯堂等(1996)];但观测工作分为两个阶段:第一阶段从1991年12月31日至1992年1月5日,完成了从78°E至108°E共6个断面的测站;第二阶段,从1992年1月23日至25日,完成了68°E和73°E两个断面的测站。CNARE-Ⅸ的CTD断面如图1所示;观测工作也分两个阶段:第一阶段从1993年1月11日至1月15日,完成了I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3个断面的测站;第二阶段从1993年1月29日至2月5日,进行了IV、V、Ⅵ3个断面的观测。这两次考察的CTD观测,每次均分为两个航次,而两个航次之间又都相隔二十余天,因而资料的同步性受到一定的影响。     

Supercooled water in austral summer in Prydz Bay, Antarctica

Supercooled water with temperatures below freezing point,was identified from hydrographic data obtained by Chinese and Australian expeditions to Prydz Bay,Antarctica,during the austral summer.The study shows that most supercooled waters occurred at depths of 63-271 m in the region north of the Amery Ice Shelf(AIS) front.The maximum supercooling was 0.16°C below the in-situ freezing point.In temperature and salinity ranges of-2.14--1.96°C and 34.39-34.46,respectively,the water was colder and fresher than peripheral shelf water.The supercooled water had less variability in the vertical profiles compared to shelf water.Based on analysis of their thermohaline features and spatial distribution,as well as the circulation pattern in Prydz Bay,we conclude that these supercooled waters originated from a cavity beneath the AIS and resulted from upwelling just outside of the AIS front.Water emerging from the ice shelf cools to an extremely low temperature(about-2.0°C) by additional cooling from the ice shelf,and becomes buoyant with the addition of melt water from the ice shelf base.When this water flows out of the ice shelf front,its upper boundary is removed,and thus it rises abruptly.Once the temperature of this water reaches below the freezing point,supercooling takes place.In summer,the seasonal pycnocline at-100 m water depth acts as a barrier to upwelling and supercooling.The upwelling of ice shelf outflow water illuminates a unique mid-depth convection of the polar ocean.