Supergene processes on ore deposits—a source of heavy metals

The study of supergene processes (i.e., secondary processes running in ore deposits and driven by thermodynamic nonequilibrium between ore-and rock-forming minerals and natural waters, gasses, etc.) is important in order to understand the migration of heavy metals from ore into their adjacent surroundings. The contamination of the local environment can be characterized by the composition of pore waters. The Pb-Zn-Cu ore deposits of Zlaté Hory (Czech Republic) have been chosen for a detailed study of pore solutions. A simple model has been created to describe the evolution of supergene processes in the ore deposits. This model is based on the determination of chemical composition of pore solutions. The dilution of pore solutions of such mineral deposits results in acid mine drainage. Pore solutions can have, during specific stages of their evolution, relatively high concentrations of Cu (0.09 mol/kg), Zn (0.1 mol/kg), SO₄ (0.8 mol/kg) and an extremely low pH (1.38). The supergene alteration of pyrite is the most important process determining the character of pore water. This reaction causes significant acidification and is a leading source of acid mine drainage. The leached zone originates from the interaction of pyrite and limonite. Increased concentrations of heavy metals and sulfates occur in pore waters. The dynamic composition of pore waters within ore deposits undergoing the supergene process can be used to distinguish: (1) three main zoneslimonite, transition, and primary zone and (2) two areas—an area with the highest intensity of weathering processes and an area of weathering initiation. In these areas the rate of sulfide oxidation is higher as a result of low pH. From the study of these zones and areas we can further our knowledge of ore body, pore solution, acid mine drainage, and contamination of the local environment.     

Typical properties of dynamic systems and the instability of hydrodynamic flows

Summary Based on Peixot's theorem of topological dynamics, the unstable behaviour of hydrodynamic flows on a two-dimensional annuloid T ² is analysed. The generating property is the curvature of the group of S ₀ Diff T ² diffeomorphisms of the (Riemannian) flow region T ² . This group is the configuration space of the ideal fluid flowing on T ² .

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a m ma u mn u ¶rt;uauu ¶rt;am mu n¶rt;uu¶rt;¶rt;uauu nm a ¶rt; m T ² u¶rt; mu. ¶rt;au m m a m uuann S ₀ Diff T ² ¶rt;uu amu mu ( uaa) T ² . manna m uau nmam ¶rt; u¶rt;a u¶rt;mu a T ² .

     

Global geoidal undulations as inferred from the Bruns formula and from inversion of the geopotential series

Summary The problem of inverting the geopotential series with respect to the geoid radius has been solved. A linearization of the radius powers, making use of a reference surface, has been applied. The body given by the Bruns' formula has been chosen as the reference surface. Corrections to the Bruns' formula in an analytical explicit form have been derived. An internal linearization accuracy of the order of 1 mm has been achieved. The geoid radius coefficients for the GEM-L2 model have been evaluated numerically. The corrections have been found to range from –90 to 90 cm.

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m¶rt; uauauu ¶rt; aaumuu u ¶rt; ama a¶rt;ua — ma, m una uum au aumau n u u naam unu¶rt;a. u u¶rt; una um uum u nmuaa u uum au a¶rt;ua — ma. ¶rt;a¶rt;amua ua, aa uauau, n¶rt;a 1 . u¶rt; u am ¶rt; ¶rt;uaumau n GEM-L2. au na nm mm m am nu annuauuu¶rt;a, a a m a, n¶rt;a ± 90 .

     

Is there any relation between the sun's motion and global seismic activity?

Summary The seismic energy released by global earthquake activity with time was correlated with F=||, where || is the absolute value of the change of the Sun's acceleration with time. For deep earthquakes and probability P=0.95, the coefficient of correlation was found to be around 0.4. For shallow earthquakes, the dependence was not proved.

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¶rt;a u uu (1900–1982.) ua ¶rt; F=||,¶rt; || am au uu u a. mu (h>60 ) u ¶rt; mmu =0.95 uum uu ¶rt;muam0.45. nm mu auum a n¶rt;m¶rt;a.

     

Energy regimes in the Earth's magnetosphere

Summary The dynamics of the main processes of energy accumulation and dissipation in the Earth's magnetosphere at various geomagnetic disturbance levels is examined. The results of the relevant calculations are tabulated. The relationships between the energy parameters of the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere are analyzed. Some conclusions concerning the field-aligned currents in polar caps, the Joule dissipation of energy and the energy injection into the ring current, the energy releases in the upper ionosphere, etc., are drawn.

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ama ¶rt;uaua n anu u ¶rt;uunauu uu aum u nu au aum mu. mam uu n¶rt;ma maua. auum au ¶rt; muuu aamumuau ma u aum u. u¶rt;m m au n¶rt; ma n an, uu ¶rt; ¶rt;uunauu, uu uuu m, uu, ¶rt; u, u m. ¶rt;.

     

Possible mechanism of rockbursts in coal mines

One of the important questions of rockburst prevention is the understanding of the mechanism of rockburst source. This question can be effectively studied by direct seismic observations in the rockburst regions. For this purpose, the distribution ofP-wave onset signs and the inversion of first motion amplitudes were utilized as the basic method. In such a way the coal mine regions in Poland (Upper Silesia) and in Czechoslovakia (Kladno coal mine district) were studied as part of the Polish-Czechoslovak rockburst investigation project. More than 250 rockburst events were recorded here in the decade 1977–1983, and analyzed. The results of the statistical analysis of these data allow us to formulate and introduce a model of the rockburst source with an implosion component. The suitability of this conception was verified by laboratory simulation conditions; it was confirmed that the seismoactive displacements with a clear implosive component were recorded in the neighbourhood of a stress concentrator weakened by holes. The results of both the field observations and laboratory tests were in good agreement with the theoretically derived radiation patterns for a combined shear-implosive source and also with the theoretical conception of such a source based on real geometrical configurations of mine excavations and tectonic dislocations.The rockbursts treated exhibit a dominant shear component, the magnitude of the additional implosive component not exceeding 10 percent of the shear component.     

Anomaly of geomagnetic variations in the southeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif

Summary Magnetic variations were recorded along three profiles crossing the southeastern margin of the Bohemian Massif. The data were processed in order to get induction vectors (Wiesevectors) and in-phase and out-of-phase induction vectors (Schmucker-vectors). Several events of field variations were separated into external and internal parts. The same events were also treated by a physical-statistical approach. Taking into account these results, we were able to delineate a zone of electrical inhomogeneity. It is in close relation to the Moravo-Silesian lineament. The depth of the internal anomalous field source was estimated at 20 to 25 km.

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¶rt;a u uuau n uu n nu, nu — u. u¶rt;uu ( u), n u u n¶rt; u n u¶rt;uu ( ), n ¶rt;u n uau u u u n au ¶rt; uu-uuu ¶rt; u ¶rt;¶rt;u na¶rt; nu -uu . ¶rt; au uu a n a u n¶rt; 20–25 .

     

On the further generalization of trochoidal frontal waves

Summary A non-linear model of trochoidal waves is presented which represents a geometrical and kinematical generalization of Gerstner's waves and of the results of[2–4].

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¶rt;aam ¶rt; mu¶rt;a , ma m u ma u am[2–4] mu umuu u uamu mm ¶rt;u.

     

Induction vector estimates in the Bohemian Massif and in the transition zone to the Carpathians

u¶rt;m mam m u¶rt;uu n n mau au u n¶rt; anama. am m auu u au am aua ¶rt;a, m m unam ¶rt; u¶rt;au ua aau mn¶rt;mu n.