岩溶水文地球化学研究中pH值野外测定的必要性

岩溶水的pH值主要取决于水中碳酸体系的平衡移动。由于岩溶水文地球化学系统内部的CO2含量通常远高于大气中的CO2含量,水一旦离开原系统而与大气接触,原碳酸体系的平衡就遭到破坏,使得水的pH值迅速增高,直至与大气达到新的平衡为止。因此,根据室内测定的pH值计算的饱和指数明显高于该水样在野外测定的pH值计算的饱和指数,从而可能出现据野外pH值计算的水样是不饱和的、而根据室内pH值计算却是饱和或过饱和的相反结论。笔者通过热力学的理论分析及实例计算阐述了这些现象,并进而指出:在岩溶水文地球化学的研究中,必须在野外现场直接测定水的pH值。      

DBL理论模型及方解石溶解、沉积速率预报

本文对ＤＢＬ理论模型作了简要介绍,并利用该模型对桂林尧山外源水中方解石的溶解速率和四川黄龙沟溪水中方解石的沉积速率进行了预报。结果表明,ＤＢＬ模型预报值与实测值具有良好的一致性。     

藏东南墨脱地区降水特征分析

墨脱位于藏东南雅鲁藏布大峡谷水汽通道入口处,是青藏高原年降水量最多的地区。本研究使用墨脱云降水综合观测试验以来三年(2019—2021年)的自动雨量计数据,分析了墨脱降水的月变化和日变化特征。然后基于同址的降水天气现象仪和X波段双偏振相控阵雷达观测数据,探究墨脱两次强降水过程的发展演变特征。结果表明:从统计结果来看,墨脱降水天数超过全年的70%,以降水率<5 mm·h^-1的弱降雨为主,日降水量<10 mm的小雨的发生率最高,但10 mm≤日降水量<25 mm的中雨产生的降水量最大。墨脱降水存在明显的月变化和日变化特征,受印度洋季风影响,降水主要发生在6—9月。受山谷风影响,降水主要发生在夜间。对于降水过程而言,由高原涡和南支槽影响下的系统性暴雨,范围大、持续时间长,降水主要由直径小于2 mm的雨滴产生,雷达反射率因子普遍不超过35 dBz。而由地形强迫引起的局地短时强对流降水过程,雨滴谱分布更宽,雨滴浓度更高,直径大于2 mm的雨滴对降水量的贡献最大,雷达反射率因子超过45 dBz,风暴的后向传播形成“列车效应”。     

LQG-1型土壤电阻率远程自动测量装置研制

为了解决传统的野外土壤电阻率测量仪器设备未实现无人状态下土壤电阻率远程自动监测的技术难题,在4105A接地电阻测量表基础上,自主研发了土壤电阻率远程自动测量装置。详细阐述了该装置的测量原理、系统组成、工作流程、硬件软件研发思路。对该装置1年的野外试验研究表明：该装置运行稳定,数据质量可靠,解决了土壤电阻率的长期、连续、稳定、自动测量的技术难题,是一种结构简单、使用方便、重量轻、便于野外土壤电阻率长期、连续、稳定的远程自动测量装置。     

层状钙华及其地球化学指标的古气候/环境意义

层状钙华作为高分辨率古气候环境重建记录已被国内外许多学者所关注.钙华的微层厚度、氧碳同位素组成和微量元素的含量都呈现出随季节变化的周期性特点.钙华年层的形成与方解石沉积速率或者微生物生长活性的季节变化有关;氧同位素组成的变化主要受温度和沉积水体的δ18O控制,但蒸发作用(尤其是在干旱区)也有重要影响;钙华的稳定碳同位素...     

不同植被条件下岩溶地下水δ13CDIC的差异研究——以贵州夜郎洞、天钟洞和普定岩溶水碳通量模拟试验场为例

影响石笋δ13C的因素众多,且其中一些影响机制未知,从而导致利用石笋δ13C准确重建古环境仍存在一定的困难.作为形成石笋母液的洞穴滴水,其δ13CDIC变化必然会导致石笋δ13C的变化,因而只有对影响洞穴滴水δ13CDIC的各种因素进行细致的研究才能更好地利用石笋δ13C重建古气候环境.对贵州夜郎洞、天钟洞和普定岩溶模拟试验场的研究均表明,雨季上覆植被生物量的大小以及植被类型(C3和C4)是控制岩溶地下水δ13CDIC变化的主要因素.而对于夜郎洞的研究还得出旱季先期CO2脱气作用对岩溶地下水δ13CDIC的影响较大,如夜郎洞C3植被下雨季δ13CDIC值在-10.94‰～-12.15‰之间,旱季为-3.66‰～-5.50‰,夜郎洞C3植被下滴水点雨季旱季之间差异最大达到-8.49‰,这些不仅仅是由生物量的变化而引起的,先期CO2脱气对滴水碳同位素的影响也是不可忽略的.不同于夜郎洞旱季滴水δ13CDIC,先期CO2脱气作用对天钟洞滴水δ13CDIC的影响较小,天钟洞滴水δ13CDIC总体上能够反映上覆植被发育状况,因而先期CO2脱气作用等过程对滴水δ13CDIC影响因洞穴而异,可能反映了洞穴顶部包气带不同水文地质条件的影响.     

Geochemical features of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system and analysis on its CO2 sources--Examples from Huanglong Ravine and Kangding, Sichuan, and Xiage, Zhongdian, Yunnan

Taking Huanglong Ravine and Kangding, Sichuan, and Xiage, Zhongdian, Yunnan, as examples, the authors summarize the hydrogeochemical and carbon stable isotopic features of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system and analyze the CO2 sources of the system. It was found that the hydrogeochemical and carbon stable isotopic features of such a system are different from those of shallow CO2-water-carbonate rock system, which is strongly influenced by biosphere. The former has higher CO2 partial pressure, and is rich in heavy carbon stable isotope. In addition, such a geothermal system is also different from that developed in igneous rock. The water in the latter system lacks Ca2+, and thus, there are few tufa deposits on ground surface, but it is rich in light carbon stable isotope. Further analysis shows that CO2 of the geothermal CO2-water-carbonate rock system is a mixture of metamorphic CO2 and magmatic CO2.     

Comparative study of dissolution rate-determining mechanisms of limestone and dolomite

The dissolution rate-determining processes of carbonate rocks include: (1) heterogeneous reactions on rock surfaces; (2) mass transport of ions into solution from rock surfaces via diffusion; and (3) the conversion reaction of CO₂ into H⁺ and HCO ₃ ⁻ . Generally, it is the slowest of these three processes that limits the dissolution rate of carbonate rock. However, from experiment and theoretical analysis under similar conditions not only were the initial dissolution rates of dolomite lower by a factor of 3–60 than those of limestone, but also there are different dissolution rate-determining mechanisms between limestone and dolomite. For example, for limestone under the condition of CO₂ partial pressures dissolution rates increased significantly by a factor of about ten after addition of carbonic anhydrase (CA) into solution, which catalysed the conversation reaction of CO₂, whereas CA had little influence on dolomite dissolution. For dolomite, the increase of dissolution rate after addition of CA into solution appeared at Moreover, the enhancement factor of CA on dolomite dissolution rate was much lower (by a factor of about 3). In addition, when dissolution of both limestone and dolomite was determined by hydrodynamics (rotation speed or flow speed), especially under the dissolution of limestone was more sensitive to hydrodynamic change than that of dolomite. These findings are of significance in understanding the differences in karstification and relevant problems of resource and environment in dolomite and limestone areas.     

流动CO_2-H_2O系统中方解石溶解动力学机制——扩散边界层效应和CO_2转换控制

利用旋转盘实验装置和高分子生物催化剂技术,笔者研究了流动CO_2-H_2O系统中方解石溶解动力学及其控制机制。实验发现,方解石的溶解既受到固-液界面间扩散边界层(DBL)的控制,还受到扩散边界层内CO_2慢速转换反应(CO_2+H_2OH~+HCO_3~-)的控制。然而,高CO_2分压(P_(CO_2)>0.01 atm)时,溶解主要为CO_2慢速转换控制,而低CO_2分压(P_(CO)_2<0.01atm)时,溶解主要为扩散边界层控制。对于这些发现,利用DBL理论模型进行了成功的解释。     

Thickness and stable isotopic characteristics of modern seasonal climate-controlled sub-annual travertine laminas in a travertine-depositing stream at Baishuitai, SW China: implications for paleoclimate reconstruction

A continuous high-resolution (monthly) record of stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O) in a well-laminated freshwater travertine deposited at Baishuitai, SW China from May 1998 to November 2001 was presented. The travertine exhibits clear annual bands with coupled brown/white color laminations. Throughout field investigation, it was found that the thin (1.5–2.2 mm), brown porous lamina was formed in the monsoonal rainy season from April to September, whereas the thick (5–8 mm), dense white lamina was formed in the dry season from October to March. The comparisons of lamina thickness and stable isotope signals in the travertine with the meteorological records allow us to constrain the relevant geochemical processes in the travertine formation under different climate conditions and to relate climate variables to their physicochemical proxies in the travertine record. Sympathetic variations in lamina thickness, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O along the sampled profile reflect changes in hydrogeochemistry, showing that thin lamina and low δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values occur in warm and rainy seasons. The decreased amount of calcite precipitation and low δ¹³C values during the warm and rainy seasons is caused by dilution of overland flow after rainfall. The low δ¹⁸O values are believed to be related to the rainfall amount effect in subtropical monsoonal regions. This process is thought to be markedly subdued whenever the amount of rainfall is lower than a given threshold. Accordingly, distinct minima in lamina thickness, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O are interpreted to reflect events with above-average rainfall, possibly heavy floods, and vice versa. This study demonstrates the potential of freshwater travertine to provide valuable information on seasonal or even monthly rainfall variations.