大气CO2汇:硅酸盐风化还是碳酸盐风化的贡献?

至今人们仍普遍认为:是硅酸盐的化学风化碳汇作用在控制着长时间尺度的气候变化,而碳酸盐的化学风化作用不具有这一功能,因为碳酸盐溶解过程中消耗的所有CO<,2>又通过海洋中相对快速的碳酸盐沉积而返回大气.本研究发现,碳酸盐溶解的快速动力学特性(比硅酸盐快100倍以上)以及硅酸盐流域中少量碳酸盐矿物在控制流域溶解无机碳(DI...     

锥峰和塔峰溶丘地貌的表层喀斯特带径流溶蚀形成机制

塔峰、锥峰和常态山是西南喀斯特地区的三种主要丘陵形态.表层喀斯特带径流溶蚀动力学机制可以较好的解释喀斯特坡地发育.表层喀斯特带的顺坡径流量大的喀斯特地区,坡地溶蚀速率高,易于塔峰和锥峰地貌的形成,反之,易于常态山地貌的形成.降水、岩层组构等环境要素控制了表层喀斯特带的顺坡径流量.西南喀斯特地区的这三种溶丘的空间分布和这些环境要素的区域差异有关.滇东高原、贵州高原和广西丘陵平原的岩性和大地构造条件差异不大,气候是这三地溶丘地貌形态差异的主要原因:滇东高原为西南季风气候区,降水量较低,表层喀斯特带顺坡径流量小,溶丘地貌以常态山为主;其余两地为东亚季风气候区,降水量较高,表层喀斯特带顺坡径流量大,溶丘地貌以锥峰和塔峰为主,其中,广西丘陵平原的降水量大于贵州高原,前者溶丘地貌以塔峰为主,后者以锥峰为主.     

激光干涉测距三维秩亏网的拟稳平差

激光跟踪仪采用激光干涉测距原理,其测距精度远远高于测角精度。利用激光跟踪仪的高精度激光干涉测距值,构成空间三维激光干涉测边网,可以消除测角误差对空间点位的影响,大幅度提高三维点坐标精度。由于激光干涉测距三维网存在数亏问题,且整网控制点的稳定性不同,因此采用秩亏自由网平差模型,分别以测站点和定向点为拟稳点对测量数据进行平差解算。平差结果表明,在拟稳点选择合理的情况下,空间点三维坐标平差值反算的距离与测量距离的差值优于±10μm;点位误差可以优于±20μm。     

吐哈盆地胜北洼陷七克台组浅水湖相细粒沉只岩岩目特征、成因模式及页岩油意义

本文通过岩芯观察、常规薄片、全岩X射线衍射分析和扫描电镜等技术手段,结合无机地球化学沉积环境指标,对胜北洼陷七克台组二段(J2q2)浅水湖相细粒岩的岩相特征和沉积环境等进行研究,建立浅水湖相细粒岩沉积成因模式,并分析了其页岩油/致密油储层意义.研究结果表明:研究区细粒沉积岩具有复杂的矿物成分和沉积组构,有机质含量变化较大.综合矿物组分、沉积构造、有机质特征等因素,将七克台组二段细粒岩划分了11种岩相类型,主要为多组分混杂岩相,每一类岩相具有多种沉积构造,包括块状、含颗粒非纹层状和纹层状等类型.其中以含有机质块状长英质细粒混积/沉积岩相、含有机质块状碳酸盐细粒混积/沉积岩相和含有机质块状黏土质细粒混积岩相为主,少量的富有机质纹层状碳酸盐细粒混积/沉积岩相和含颗粒非纹层状碳酸盐细粒混积/沉积岩相.在古气候偏干旱、古盐度高、水体相对较深、陆源碎屑供给弱的条件下,湖盆水体主要发生化学和生物化学作用,碳酸盐细粒沉积岩/混积岩相较发育.不同沉积环境的岩相在垂向上频繁叠置,交互出现,可总结为4种岩相组合类型,分别形成于浅水碳酸盐颗粒滩-湖湾相组合、湖湾-灰泥坪相组合、灰泥坪-砂泥坪相组合和混积滩坝-浅湖泥相组合.在细粒岩的岩相类型、特征、沉积环境及垂向演化序列研究的基础上,最终建立了七克台组二段浅水湖相细粒岩沉积模式.该套细粒岩具有中等偏高的生烃潜力,碳酸盐含量高的细粒岩发育碳酸盐晶间孔隙和微裂缝,且脆性矿物含量高而易于后期压裂改造,具备形成页岩油/致密油的有利条件,具有重要的勘探意义.     

湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的岩溶无机碳汇强度

岩溶作用积极参与全球碳循环过程,进一步弄清岩溶碳汇机制对于精确评估碳循环过程意义重大。中国碳酸盐岩分布面积广大,尤以西南地区最为广泛与集中,虽然本区已开展了较多以石灰岩为主流域的岩溶碳汇研究,但是与白云岩流域相关的研究较为薄弱,这不利于精确评价中国岩溶碳汇潜力和服务于国家碳中和战略。为此,本文以中国西南岩溶区内具代表性的贵州施秉黄洲河白云岩流域作为研究区,对湿润亚热带典型白云岩小流域的水-岩-气相互作用及其无机岩溶碳汇进行了为期1年(2018年5月至2019年5月)的水文水化学自动监测研究。获得了黄洲河白云岩流域的降雨量、流量、水温、电导率、pH值等高时间分辨率的连续监测数据,并采用化学热力学模型计算了方解石与白云石饱和指数及河水中CO₂分压等水化学指标。结果显示:(1)该白云岩流域属典型的山区雨源型河流,洪水流量过程虽然呈现显著的暴涨暴落特征,但是流域出口河水的化学动态仍受水化学稳态行为的控制;(2)流域上游高原面上浅切割地表河两侧发育溶隙型含水介质,中下游排水系统为地表河,由于地表河水中CO₂的释放,使该流域出口河水的方解石饱和指数较高,并伴有河床钙华沉积;(3)采用白云石开放系统化学热力学模型,结合不同土地利用类型的土壤CO₂数据,计算出泄流于地表河的岩溶地下水 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}浓度为5.1 mmol/L,该值要高于黄洲河出口河水 {\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-}平均浓度16%,表明该岩溶流域内的地表河因受紊流脱气和水生生物光合作用的影响,水中的溶解无机碳有所降低;(4)由水化学-径流法准确计算了该白云岩流域的岩溶碳汇通量(以CO₂计),为36.43 t/(km²·a),该值并未显著高于中国南方其他碳酸盐岩流域的岩溶碳汇通量,表明白云岩流域覆被中CO₂浓度仍与流域径流量呈反比关系,这两个主控因子的共同作用,使湿润亚热带岩溶流域的岩溶碳汇通量不至于发生较大变化。     

Hydrochemical variations during flood pulses in the south‐west China peak cluster karst: impacts of CaCO3–H2O–CO2 interactions

High‐resolution measurements of rainfall, water level, pH, conductivity, temperature and carbonate chemistry parameters of groundwater at two adjacent locations within the peak cluster karst of the Guilin Karst Experimental Site in Guangxi Province, China, were made with different types of multiparameter sonde. The data were stored using data loggers recording with 2 min or 15 min resolution. Waters from a large, perennial spring represent the exit for the aquifer's conduit flow, and a nearby well measures water in the conduit‐adjacent, fractured media. During flood pulses, the pH of the conduit flow water rises as the conductivity falls. In contrast, and at the same time, the pH of groundwater in the fractures drops, as conductivity rises. As Ca²⁺ and HCO₃^? were the dominant (>90%) ions, we developed linear relationships (both r² > 0·91) between conductivity and those ions, respectively, and in turn calculated variations in the calcite saturation index (SI_C) and CO₂ partial pressure (P) of water during flood pulses. Results indicate that the P of fracture water during flood periods is higher than that at lower flows, and its SI_C is lower. Simultaneously, P of conduit water during the flood period is lower than that at lower flows, and its SI_C also is lower. From these results we conclude that at least two key processes are controlling hydrochemical variations during flood periods: (i) dilution by precipitation and (ii) water–rock–gas interactions. To explain hydrochemical variations in the fracture water, the water–rock–gas interactions may be more important. For example, during flood periods, soil gas with high CO₂ concentrations dissolves in water and enters the fracture system, the water, which in turn has become more highly undersaturated, dissolves more limestone, and the conductivity increases. Dilution of rainfall is more important in controlling hydrochemical variations of conduit water, because rainfall with higher pH (in this area apparently owing to interaction with limestone dust in the lower atmosphere) and low conductivity travels through the conduit system rapidly. These results illustrate that to understand the hydrochemical variations in karst systems, considering only water–rock interactions is not sufficient, and the variable effects of CO₂ on the system should be evaluated. Consideration of water–rock–gas interactions is thus a must in understanding variations in karst hydrochemistry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design Method of Armour Grate Plates for Sloping Breakwaters

- Laboratory tests have been conducted on the basis of theoretical analysis of stability of armour Grate Plates with reference to 20 structures. Some empirical formulas of statility thickness of Grate Plates have been obtained in consideration of the effects of water depth in front of the structures and critical wave period. The test results have been compared with field data.     

Daytime deposition and nighttime dissolution of calcium carbonate controlled by submerged plants in a karst spring-fed pool: insights from high time-resolution monitoring of physico-chemistry of water

Water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and specific conductivity (spc) were measured in a time interval of 15 min in a karst spring and the spring-fed pool with flourishing submerged plants in Guilin, SW China under dry weather for periods of 2 days. Measurements allowed calculation of calcium and bicarbonate concentrations ([Ca²⁺] and [HCO₃ ⁻]), and thus CO₂ partial pressure ( ) and saturation index of calcite (SIc). Results show that there were not any diurnal variations in the physico-chemical parameters of the water for the spring. However, during daytime periods, pool water decreased to far less than the spring water in a few hours, pH and SIc increased to greater than the spring, and [Ca²⁺] and [HCO₃ ⁻] decreased to less than the spring. During nighttime periods, pool water returned to or even increased to greater than the spring, pH and SIc decreased to less than the spring, and [Ca²⁺] and [HCO₃ ⁻] increased to greater than the spring. The decrease in [Ca²⁺] and [HCO₃ ⁻] to less than the spring during daytime periods implies daytime deposition of calcium carbonate, while the increase in [Ca²⁺] and [HCO₃ ⁻] to greater than the spring during nighttime periods implies nighttime dissolution of calcium carbonate. The direction of the observed changes depended essentially on the illumination, indicating that daytime photosynthetic and nighttime respiratory activities in the pool aquatic plant ecosystem, which were further evidenced by the increase and decrease in DO during daytime and nighttime periods respectively, were the main processes involved. The large variations of the components of the carbonate system imply considerable changes of the capacities of CO₂ and O₂ in water. The finding has implications for water sampling strategy in slow-flowing karst streams and other similar environments with stagnant water bodies such as estuaries, lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands, where aquatic plant ecosystem may flourish.     

High-resolution study on the hydrochemical variations caused by the dilution of precipitation in the epikarst spring: an example spring of Landiantang at Nongla,Mashan, China

In addition to rainfall, high-resolution measurements of water level, pH, specific conductivity and temperature of Landiantang epikarst spring at Nongla, Mashan county in Guangxi Province, China were recorded in summer rainy season by using a data logger with time interval of fifteen minutes. Water from the spring issues along a karst conduit. During the rainstorms in summer, it was found that the pH and temperature of Landiantang spring increased while its specific conductivity decreased. As HCO₃ ⁻, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ are the dominant ions, linear relationships between concentrations of those ions and specific conductivity were developed. According to the ion concentrations from the linear relationships, the saturation indexes of calcite (SI_C), the saturation indexes of dolomite (SI_D) and CO₂ partial pressure (Log ) of the spring were calculated. Results indicated that the Log of the spring during the rainstorms was lower than that without rain, and its SI_C and SI_D was also lower. Combined with the characteristics of the epikarst zone, it was inferred that the above results were caused by the dilution of rainwater, because overland flow with high pH (due to neutralization of carbonate rock dusts in the air to rainwater) and low specific conductivity traveling through the conduit rapidly during rainstorms, showed greater influences on the hydrochemical variations of the epikarst spring.     

经纬仪多基准尺联合标定技术研究

建立经纬仪测量系统的首要问题是进行经纬仪系统定向,经纬仪系统定向主要包括相对定向和绝对定向,其中绝对定向是确定经纬仪测量系统的尺度因子。在实际测量中,针对不同位置和姿态的基准尺对系统整体定向的精度影响较大以及多余观测少等问题,通过对多个位置和姿态的基准尺进行测量,增加约束条件,提高点位测量的精度,改善点位误差的空间分布特性。实验结果表明,文中方法能较好地提高系统的测量精度。