地统计学方法在土壤学中的应用

地统计学目前在土壤科学中得到广泛的应用和发展,成为认识土壤特征的一个重要工具.地统计学的空间变异函数和克里格插值等方法是土壤性状分析的主要手段,空间变异函数主要用于描述土壤理化性状空间变异特性,不同的插值方法可优化田间试验设计和田间采样方案,克里格插值方法则特别适用于未测量点土壤属性值的估测等.近年插值方法又被广泛应用于确定区域土壤环境容量和土壤质量标准,随机模拟则用于对土壤特性进行不确定性估计等.因而,地统计学方法对我国大量土壤学资料的整合与分析具有极大的应用前景.     

云南沿边境地带生态环境3S监测、 评价与调控研究

本文利用全球新千年整体生态系统评估的理论，以云南省沿边境地带生态系统变化跨境生态安全为研究对象，探寻并揭示我国陆疆系统的跨境生态系统变化监测、评价和生态安全综合调控的基础理论与信息机理；进而研究基于“3S”云南沿边境地带的生态环境监测、评价与综合调控的方法和关键技术，包括方法和技术体系的建立、指标体系的建立、多尺度效应和尺度转换、数学模型的建立、综合调控模式和决策方案的建立等；在案例研究部分，建立了背景数据库，然后选择大、中、小尺度进行了全区生态环境现状评价，重点河道、典型路段和重点口岸的影响评价和预测预报研究，最后进行了综合调控模式和方案的探讨，并对研究结果进行了动态仿真和虚拟表达研究。     

EMD-Wavelet-ICA耦合模型及其在GPS坐标序列降噪中的应用

在分析比较经验模态分解(EMD)、小波变换(Wavelet)和独立分量分析(ICA)优缺点的基础上,提出一种新的EMD-Wavelet-ICA耦合模型。该模型充分利用了EMD的自适应性,对原始信号进行分解获得不同频率的模态函数(IMF),采用标准化模量的累计均值对IMF进行尺度划分;进而分别采用Wavelet和ICA对高频和低频IMF进行降噪,将降噪后的IMF进行多尺度重构,获得降噪后的信号;采用信噪比、标准差、偏差和相关系数等指标对降噪效果进行评价。仿真数据和GPS坐标序列的处理结果表明:与EMD模型和EMD-ICA模型相比,新模型的标准差、偏差均有不同程度的减小;信噪比和相关系数有一定程度的增大,可以获得更好的降噪效果。     

卫星臭氧资料的发展与应用

随着卫星探测技术的进步、天气学和气候学理论的不断完善,以及高性能计算机广泛应用,卫星臭氧资料的种类得到极大丰富并被应用到多个研究领域中,取得了一系列重要成果。文中介绍了主要星载臭氧探测仪的发展概况,回顾了卫星臭氧资料在气象领域的应用研究成果,主要包括卫星臭氧资料在气旋或低压过程中、全球或区域臭氧的气候分布及变化特征、高原臭氧分布及变化特点、数值应用等方面的应用研究,并展望了卫星臭氧资料研究的未来发展趋势。      

一种新的温度传感器湿度补偿方法

针对温度传感器测量中易受湿度影响的问题,通过对思维进化算法（Mind Evolutionary Algorithm,MEA）中的趋同操作、异化操作及收敛条件进行研究改进,对趋同操作中的散布权值进行自适应调整,在异化操作中引入差分进化算法的变异操作,并考虑收敛条件中搜索平面平缓的情况,提出了基于改进思维进化算法的BP神经网络湿度补偿方法.由湿度影响检定实验得到的样本数据,利用此补偿方法建立湿度补偿模型,将补偿结果与未经优化的BP神经网络模型的结果进行比较研究.结果表明,基于改进思维进化算法的BP神经网络模型补偿精度较高,收敛速度快,计算量小,可有效提高温度传感器的测量精度和可靠性,便于实际应用.     

塔河油田奥陶系岩溶储层垂向带发育特征及其识别标准

岩溶储层在垂向上的分带性是岩溶在垂向上发育不均匀的客观表现。根据现代岩溶理论,通过对大量测井资料的统计分析,按照岩溶缝洞系统发育强弱及地下水运动方式、岩溶作用方式,将岩溶储层垂向上划分为表层岩溶带、垂向渗滤溶蚀带、径流溶蚀带、潜流溶蚀带等四个岩溶发育带,并建立了塔河油田奥陶系岩溶储层垂向带划分的测井响应与岩溶成因组合指标体系。测井响应指标包括自然伽玛、电阻率、井径等;岩溶成因指标包括地下水径流方式、岩溶作用类型、充填特征和岩溶个体形态等。根据岩溶储层垂向带划分标准,对塔河油田奥陶系岩溶储层垂向带发育特征进行了统计分析,并对不同地貌区岩溶储层的垂向带发育特征进行分析。分析认为:表层岩溶带以大中型溶蚀孔洞为主,测井显示为高伽玛,低电阻;半充填(或未充填)时测井表现为低伽玛,低电阻;垂向渗滤溶蚀带以高角度溶缝和小型溶蚀孔洞为特征,测井显示为低伽玛,高电阻;径流溶蚀带多发育大型溶洞,测井显示为高伽玛,低电阻;潜流溶蚀带岩溶弱发育,测井显示为低伽玛,高电阻。     

薄板样条函数支持下的等深线追踪算法研究

基于薄板样条函数的拟合曲面能很好地根据水深点数据模拟水下地形,通过建立一定密度的规则格网可以十分精细地追踪等深线。因薄板样条曲面是光滑的,故生成的等深线具有一定的平滑性。本文首先论述了薄板样条曲面的解算步骤,然后研究了在该曲面上构建规则格网模型和追踪等深线的算法,最后以南方CASS作为实现平台,根据实际数据生成的等深线效果证明了本文提出的算法是可行有效的,能有效地避免曲线拟合过程中产生的凸起或陡变现象。     

基于“智慧城管”的宁波市城市管理多源数据整合研究

叙述了进行基于"智慧城管"的宁波市城市管理多源数据整合研究的必要性,阐明了整合的方法和技术路线,确定了整合的数据资源种类,描述了整合数据资源当作扩充城市部件的基本原理以及整合数据类的编码和属性表达方法,最后对整合后的应用效果进行了分析,即实现整合数据资源的高度共享和增值利用。     

Shale Gas Formation and Occurrence in China: An Overview of the Current Status and Future Potential

Shale gas is one of the most promising unconventional resources both in China and abroad. It is known as a form of self-contained source-reservoir system with large and continuous dimensions. Through years of considerable exploration efforts, China has identified three large shale gas fields in the Fuling, Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin, and has announced more than 540 billion m~3 of proven shale gas reserves in marine shale systems. The geological theories for shale gas development have progressed rapidly in China as well. For example, the new depositional patterns have been introduced for deciphering the paleogeography and sedimentary systems of the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin. The shale gas storage mechanism has been widely accepted as differing from conventional natural gas in that it is adsorbed on organic matter or a mineral surface or occurs as free gas trapped in pores and fractures of the shale. Significant advances in the techniques of microstructural characterization have provided new insights on how gas molecules are stored in micro- and nano-scale porous shales. Furthermore, newly-developed concepts and practices in the petroleum industry, such as hydraulic fracturing, microseismic monitoring and multiwell horizontal drilling, have made the production of this unevenly distributed but promising unconventional natural gas a reality. China has 10–36 trillion m~3 of promising shale gas among the world's whole predicted technically recoverable reserves of 206.6 trillion m~3. China is on the way to achieving its goal of an annual yield of 30–50 billion m~3 by launching more trials within shale gas projects.     

Characteristics and Origin of Tight Oil Accumulations in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin, North-Central China

The Upper Triassic oil accumulations in the Ordos Basin is the most successful tight oil play in China,with average porosity values of less than 10% and permeability values below 1.0 mD.This study investigated the geological characteristics and origin of the tight oil accumulations in the Chang 6 member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Shanbei area based on over 50,000 petrological,source-rock analysis,well logging and production data.The tight oil accumulation of the Chang 6 member is distributed continuously in the basin slope and the centre of the basin.The oilwater relationships are complex.Laumontite dissolution pores are the most important storage spaces,constituting 30%-60% of total porosity and showing a strong positive relationship with oil production.The pore-throat diameter is less than 1 μm,and the calculated critical height of the oil column is much larger than the tight sand thickness,suggesting that the buoyancy was probably of limited importance for oil migration.The pressure difference between the source rocks and sandstone reservoirs is inferred to have provided driving force for hydrocarbon migration.Two factors of source-reservoir configuration and laumontite dissolution contributed to the formation of the Chang 6 tight oil accumulations.Intense hydrocarbon generation and continuous sand bodies close to the hydrocarbon kitchen are the foundation for the large-scale oil distribution.Dissolution of feldspar-laumontite during the process of organic matter evolution generated abundant secondary pores and improved the reservoir quality.