青藏高原古洋壳恢复与重建问题讨论

通过雅鲁藏布江和北祁连山南北两个典型蛇绿岩带的研究实践,作者提出并讨论了构造背景与岩石地层相结合、结构构造特征与矿物岩石分析相结合、物理化学成因与区域地质工作相结合、岩石类型年代学与地层年代学研究相结合的蛇绿岩研究思想,以及综合恢复重建古洋壳的古地磁资料分析、扩张速度分析、俯冲速率分析和古生物地理环境分析4种方法,并提供了青藏高原主要古大洋区的有关特征数据。     

论找矿勘查的风险性和降低风险的预测性勘查战略

找矿勘查的高风险性表现在找到可赢利矿床的成功率低和找矿发现的成本越来越高,这不仅影响了矿业经济的发展,也影响了公众对地球科学的认识。根据国际找矿勘查的一些统计资料和实例分析了造成找矿勘查高风险性的原因,提出降低风险的预测性勘查战略。区域地质背景、成矿作用的复杂性和勘查者所具有的知识、思维能力、技术手段的局限性等客观因素使找矿勘查的风险不可避免,但不少找矿勘查的失败是由勘查者在资料使用、观察、思维等方面的主观失误造成的。勘查者可以通过增加尝试的次数来获取成功,更可取的是通过提高矿床预测的准确度,以预测性勘查促找矿发现,进而降低找矿勘查的风险。     

GPS航迹监控方法在区域化探中的应用

通过对GPS定位技术的试验和生产实践,认为采用GPS定位并辅以航迹监控能彻底解决区化采样点位的失真问题。这一问题的解决,能有效提高西部艰险地区化探工作的整体质量,能真实客观地反映工作区的地球化学信息。     

Combination Features, Paleobiogeographic Affinity and Mass Extinction of the Latest Ordovician （Hirnantian） Rugosan Fauna from Northern Guizhou, China

The rugosan fauna from the Guanyinqiao Bed （latest Ordovician, Hirnantian） of northern Guizhou, China is known to belong to the cold or cool-water type corals. The components of the fauna are solitary corals only, and corallite septa are generally strongly dilated, especially the streptelasmatid corals are dominant comprising 98% of the whole fauna. The Guanyinqiao Bed is rich in rugosans of 18 genera, which are streptelasnmtid Streptelasma （=Helicelasma）, Brachyelasma, Amplexobrachyelasma, Salvadorea, Grewingkia, Borelasma, CrassUasma, Leolasma, KenophyUum, UUernelasma, Paramplexoides, Siphonolasma, Pycnactoides, Dalmanophyllum, Bodophyllum, Axiphoria, Lambeophyllum and cystiphyllid Sinkiangolasma. Although this fauna was fairly abundant in a confined area （northern-northeastern Guizhou, southern Sichuan） during the Hirnantian age, the rugosan mass extinction （generic extinction rate 81%） happened at the end of the Hirnantian Stage. It is conduded that the mass extinction is related to the ending of maximum glaciation and ice cap melting in Gondwana in the southern hemisphere in the latest Hirnantian, resulting in rapid global sea-level rise in the earliest Silurian. In the Upper Yangtze Basin, the sea bottom environments were replaced by anoxic and warmer water during that time, so that the cool-water type rugosan became extinct. The present paper attempts to revise some already described rugose coral genera and species （He, 1978, 1985） and to supplement a few new forms from the Guanyinqiao Bed. Fourteen species of 12 genera are re-described and illustrated, of which one species- Grewingkia latifossulata is new. As a whole, the rugosan fauna of the Guanyinqiao Bed may be correlated with those contemporaneous of North Europe, Estonia and North America, indicating a dose biogeographic affinity to North Europe.     

锡铁山喷流沉积矿床卤水与海水的相互作用

锡铁山大型铅锌矿床发育有完好的喷流沉积系统,赋矿地层产状倒转。与成矿关系密切的大理岩延长约2km,延深约1km,往深部厚度增大,至代表管道相的网脉状蚀变岩,厚度迅速减薄、尖灭。角砾状非层状铅锌矿体赋存于紧邻网脉状蚀变岩的厚层状大理岩中,条带状层状矿体赋存于外侧条带状大理岩的下盘。对锡铁山矿床两条典型剖面系统的地质地球化学研究表明,近喷口相大理岩与远离喷口相大理岩相比,具有相似的变化规律。以反映远端沉积的剖面为例,自下往上,条带状矿体条带状大理岩块状大理岩,Al2O3、Fe2O3、Sr、B、Tl以及MgO/(CaO MgO)、Na2O/(Na2O K2O)比值等逐渐降低,Sr/Rb、Sr/Ba比值等迅速降低,REE总量降低,分异增强,Eu异常减弱,Ce负异常更加明显;δ18OSMOW=10.1‰～12.5‰,向上增高,δ13CV-PDB=-0.9‰～0.2‰;大理岩87Sr/86Sr=0.7113～0.7148,低于矿石方解石的0.7146～0.7147,高于同时期的正常海相灰岩。综合这些地质地球化学特征,锡铁山矿床的容矿大理岩明显不同于正常海相沉积碳酸盐岩,而是介于喷流卤水与海水特征之间,上部的大理岩中有更多的海水参与。以Sr同位素数据计算出本区大理岩来自海水的组分约占1/3,来自卤水的组分约占2/3,大理岩总体上仍主要分布于喷口附近,更多地受到卤水的影响。通过大理岩的地质地球化学研究揭示出,矿床中发育有两条同生断层,一条沿以网脉状蚀变带代表的管道相分布,另一条分布于25线附近,共同制约着大理岩与成矿物质的堆积。锡铁山矿床可能存在着规模巨大的层状矿体,其分布范围可能超越一直作为重要找矿评价标志的大理岩。     

青海德合龙洼铜（金）矿流体包裹体特征及成矿作用分析

德合龙洼铜（金）矿床为青藏高原北东端的一个岩浆热液型矿床。研究发现矿石中石英发育富液相水溶液（Ⅰ型）、富气相水溶液（Ⅱ型）和含子矿物水溶液（Ⅲ型）3种类型的流体包裹体。Ⅰ型包裹体呈均一至液相,均一温度为187～413℃,盐度值（NaClequiv.,质量分数）则为2.0%～19.0%。Ⅱ型包裹体呈均一至气相,均一温度为...     

青海天峻南山蛇绿岩的地质特征及其形成环境

青海天峻南山蛇绿岩为本次1:5万区调中首次发现。从其地质特征、岩石化学及地球化学特征反映出陆内裂谷扩张的早石炭世小洋盆构造环境。它的发现对于重新认识宗务隆造山带的地质属性、地球动力学机制,与祁连造山带、柴达木地块的构造关系以及研究古特提斯洋演化提供了新的依据。     

秦、祁、昆三大造山带的结合特征

秦、祁、昆三大造山带结合地区的物质组成及结构特征显示,其间存在不同时期发育起来的陆缘、陆内转换断层,受其制约,造山带内曾发生大规模侧向运动和由此引起的岩心活动及复杂的构造变形。据此,结合演化可分三阶段,并且秦、祁、昆三大造山带间并不存在东西向贯通的单一结合带,而是在转换断层作用下,分阶段逐步完成了转换结合的结合方式。     

西秦岭与东昆仑的侧向碰撞与造山

东昆仑和西秦岭两造山带间的关系历来存有争议。笔者认为在全面分析两造山带间由平行造山带走向的侧向运动所造成的基本地质构造现象的基础上,两造山带间是以侧向运动形式为主,这种侧向运动于古生代早期就已发生,至三叠纪末期因发生侧向碰撞造山而结束,鄂拉山次级造山带并由此而产生,同时也完成了秦昆两造山带结合,并进一步指出:西秦岭和东昆仑两造山带并非是在统一造山机制下所形成的同一造山带。     

Water‐Saving Crop Planning Using Multiple Objective Chaos Particle Swarm Optimization for Sustainable Agricultural and Soil Resources Development

Establishing a water‐saving planting structure is necessary for the arid, water‐deficient regions of northern China and of the world. Optimizing and adjusting a water‐saving agricultural planting structure is a typical semi‐structured, multi‐level, multi‐objective group decision‐making problem. Therefore, optimization can be best achieved with a swarm intelligence algorithm. We build an optimization model for a water‐saving planting structure with four target functions: (1) maximum total net output, (2) total grain yield, (3) ecological benefits, and (4) water productivity. The decision variable is the yearly seeded area of different crops, and its restrictions are the farmland area, the agricultural water resources, and the needs of the people and other farming‐related industries. Multiple objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) is an efficient optimization method, but its main shortcoming is that it can easily fall into a local optimum. Multiple objective chaos particle swarm optimization (MOCPSO) will greatly improve the searching performance of the algorithm by placing chaos technology with the advantages of ergodicity into MOPSO. When MOCPSO is used to solve the multi‐objective optimization model in the middle portion of the Heihe River basin, the results show that MOCPSO has the advantages of a high convergence speed and a tendency not to fall easily into a local optimum. After adopting a water‐saving agricultural planting structure, irrigation water would be reduced by about 7%, which would provide tangible economic, social, and ecological benefits for sustainable agricultural development.