双探针型海底热流计的结构优化

本文在现有海底热流探针制作技术条件下,首先建立了脉冲式双探针海底测量单元的有限元数值模型,模拟获得多组参数下的温度-时间数据,作为“实测”数据,再用脉冲加热有限长线热源(PFLS)模型求解待测介质热导率及其相对误差上限(RE_λ-UL),并以RE_λ-UL最小为原则,对双探针热流计的结构进行优化.结果表明:(1)在不同探针脉冲强度(q)、温度测量误差(ΔT_m)和探针长度(L)组合下,都存在最佳探针间距(Best_r),使得RE_λ-UL降到最低;(2)随着q增大或ΔT_m减小,Best_r逐渐增大;(3)当q、ΔT_m及探针半径(a)都给定时,Best_r与探针长度(L)呈线性正相关;(4)当a=1.0 mm,且q、ΔT_m分别取为628.0~1100.0 J·m^-1、0.5~1.0 mK,若L在20.0~42.0 mm之间时,则Best_r在18.0~30.0 mm之间,此时介质热导率相对误差上限可控制在5.5%以内,同时测量温度可在6 min内达到最大值,即脉冲加热开始后,温度测量只需约7 min,便可满足介质热导率的求解,这比目前常用的Lister型热流计所需海底测量时间缩短8 min左右.     

涪陵地区井下页岩岩芯裂缝体密度与声学性质关系实验研究

本研究对涪陵地区井下产气的龙马溪组页岩岩芯,采用三轴压机压裂制造裂缝,用工业CT扫描压裂前后岩芯,应用图像识别技术统计出裂缝体密度,又用超声脉冲透射法测定样品破裂前后裂缝方向上的纵波、单偏振方向与裂缝不同夹角的横波,来研究裂缝对页岩岩芯声学性质的影响.实验结果表明:压裂后样品的纵波速度略微降低,只有含较多内部裂隙的150#样品纵波速度减小幅度明显.压裂前后样品的纵波波形差别不大,纵波主频随裂缝体密度呈下降趋势,即压裂后纵波频谱主频向低频端移动.压裂前横波速度随自身与裂隙方位角变化而变化,与0°和180°相比,在45°和135°时略微减小,在90°时速度降低幅度最为明显并且发生相位反转.典型样品的横波主频随偏振方向与裂缝夹角的增大而逐渐向低频移动;压裂后,横波频谱杂乱,出现多处局部峰值,速度和主频较压裂前更低,平均横波波速随裂缝体密度呈明显减小趋势.平均纵横波速比随裂缝密度呈近线性增加,表明其与裂缝体密度有较强相关性.     

宁化—大田—惠安地壳构造与速度结构特征

福建地处欧亚大陆东南缘,新构造活动强烈,区内北东向断裂带异常发育,是华南震区中、强地震活动的频发区.为深入认识我国东南沿海地壳上地幔速度结构特征及其深部构造背景,福建省地震局联合中国地震局地球物理勘探中心于2010年至2012年在福建陆域实施由18次人工爆破、四条北西向原生纵测线和四条北东向集成纵测线构成的三维人工地震测深实验.本文对该实验中以北西-南东走向近似垂直穿过政和—海丰断裂的宁化—大田—惠安深地震测深测线数据进行处理解释,采用地震射线走时正演构建了该剖面二维地壳速度模型.结果显示,沿剖面地壳厚度由西向东逐渐减薄,其西北侧地壳厚约31.8km,东南侧地壳厚达28.4km.剖面上地壳P波速度从5.90km·s~(-1)逐渐增加至6.20km·s~(-1),上地壳厚度横向变化不大,厚度在16~17km左右,但是下地壳厚度由西向东减薄较为明显.地壳以政和—海丰断裂为界,东西两段具有明显不同的速度结构,呈西段速度偏低、东段速度较高的特性,且西段在上下地壳分界面下方存在一个低速层.研究表明,剖面不同区段呈现出的速度结构差异与该区大地构造单元的划分基本吻合,剖面解释结果和以往远震接收函数研究结果均印证了作为闽西南坳陷带和闽东火山断陷带分界线的政和—海丰断裂是一条切割至下地壳底部的深大断裂.     

地震噪声异常实时监测

本文采用福建省85个测震台站2012年全年噪声资料的垂直向记录作为研究对象,将噪声记录以每5min为单位进行分段,求出每小段的功率谱,应用概率分布函数方法绘出台站的PDF图,之后利用网格概率法确定出台站的高低噪声参照线。另外,根据85个台站的PDF图异常,将噪声异常分成四类：缺数异常、低噪处异常、高噪处异常、中噪处异常。依据四类异常的特征分别研究出四类异常的挑选方法,再将这四种挑选方法结合形成地震噪声实时监测系统。选取福建省85个测震台站2013年7月份的噪声记录进行验证,结果表明：85个台站应用地震噪声实时监测系统识别出来的异常正确率都达到90%以上,挑选效果很好,并可应用于台站噪声实时监测。     

利用CAP法研究重庆荣昌2014年2月23日ML3.8地震震源机制

利用CAP(cut-and-paste）法反演2014年2月23日重庆荣昌ML3.8地震震源机制,得到震级MW为3.04,节面Ⅰ走向46°、倾角44°、滑动角74°,节面Ⅱ走向247°、倾角48°、滑动角104°,P轴方位147.25°、仰角-2.09°,T轴方位46°、仰角-78.76°,表明该地震是带走滑分量的逆冲型地震。CAP测定的这次ML3.8震源深度为3km,在盖层内,震源机制解中节面Ⅱ走向、倾角与震中附近的一条深度为1700m走向为SW230°倾向NW,倾角约45°的“腹底”逆断层基本一致。震中位于荣昌天然气田,附近有几口废水回注深井,曾发生大量的注水诱发地震。本次地震亦有可能是在区域主应力场的作用下,注水后岩石的孔隙发生变化触发了盖层内“腹底”断层活动的结果。     

水库大容量气枪震源激发条件优化实验研究

Through manual pickup of seismic phases,the number of recording stations,the farthest observation distance of station and received energy are determined,then optimal operating condition processing software is developed to evaluate the excitation effect of operating conditions. The optimal operating conditions in the Mianhuatan Reservoir are determined using this software. They are: optimal water depth 25 m,airgun array sink depth 9m and airgun array size 7m × 7m. At the same time,accumulative stacking results for every 10 times are analyzed for 300 fixed-point excitations. It is concluded that the excitation effect shows a rapidly rising trend at 10 to 90 times stacking,a slowly rising trend at 100 to 150 times stacking,a rapidly rising trend at 160 to 240 times stacking,and a slowly rising trend at 250 to 300 times stacking. As the number of stacking increases,the propagation distance and the number of recording stations also increase gradually.     

不同环境对水泥土动应力影响的试验研究

为研究腐蚀性介质和动荷载对水泥土力学特性的影响,通过水泥土的动三轴压缩试验,获取水泥土动应力试验参数,分析各种环境对水泥土动强度的影响。试验结果表明,当硫酸钠溶液浓度小于0.03mol/L时水泥土的动强度逐步增大,当硫酸钠溶液浓度大于0.03mol/L时水泥土的动强度又逐步降低;随着氯化钠溶液浓度的增大,其动强度逐步降低;随着腐蚀时间的增加,0.03mol/L硫酸钠溶液的水泥土动强度逐步增大,而0.1 mol/L和0.3 mol/L硫酸钠溶液的水泥土动强度均逐步降低;水泥掺入比和围压越大,水泥土动强度越大;当溶液浓度小于0.03mol/L时硫酸钠环境对水泥土的动强度有增强效应,且浓度大于0.03mol/L时硫酸钠环境对水泥土具有腐蚀破坏效应,且硫酸钠溶液腐蚀效应大于氯化钠溶液腐蚀效应。     

A structured and constrained Total Least-Squares solution with cross-covariances

A new proof is presented of the desirable property of the weighted total least-squares (WTLS) approach in preserving the structure of the coefficient matrix in terms of the functional independent elements. The WTLS considers the full covariance matrix of observed quantities in the observation vector and in the coefficient matrix; possible correlation between entries in the observation vector and the coefficient matrix are also considered. The WTLS approach is then equipped with constraints in order to produce the constrained structured TLS (CSTLS) solution. The proposed approach considers the correlation between the observation vector and the coefficient matrix of an Error-In-Variables model, which is not considered in other, recently proposed approaches. A rigid transformation problem is done by preservation of the structure and satisfying the constraints simultaneously.     

Gravity change observed in a local gravity network and its implication to seasonal precipitation in Dali county,Yunnan province,China

This study investigates data-processing methods and examines the precipitation effect on gravity measurements at the Dali gravity network, established in 2005. High-quality gravity data were collected during four measurement campaigns. To use the gravity data validly, some geophysical corrections must be considered carefully. We first discuss data-processing methods using weighted leastsquares adjustment with the constraint of the absolute gravity datum. Results indicate that the gravity precision can be improved if all absolute gravity data are used as constraints and if calibration functions of relative gravimeters are modeled within the observation function. Using this data-processing scheme, the mean point gravity precision is better than 12 lgal. After determining the best data-processing scheme, we then process the gravity data obtained in the four measurement campaigns, and obtain gravity changes in three time periods. Results show that the gravity has a remarkable change of more than 50 lgal in the first time period from Apr–May of 2005 to Aug–Sept of 2007. To interpret the large gravity change, a mean water mass change(0.6 m in height) is assumed in the ETOPO1 topographic model. Calculations of the precipitation effect on gravity show that it can reach the same order of the observed gravity change. It is regarded as a main source of the remarkable gravity change in the Dali gravity network, suggesting that the precipitation effect on gravity measurements must be considered carefully.     

基于宽线+折线采集与拟三维处理配套的碳酸盐岩裸露区地震勘探技术

我国南方碳酸盐岩广泛分布,具有巨大的油气资源潜力和勘探前景.全国油气资源战略选区调查与评价项目选择我国典型南方海相碳酸盐岩裸露区开展地震勘探技术攻关.针对该区地表灰岩普遍出露、激发弹性波能量转换少、散射噪音干扰严重等勘探难点,研究和应用了“宽线+折线”地震采集技术和与其配套的拟三维地震处理技术,能较好地压制噪音,提高剖面信噪比,在主要目的层得到了较好的成像效果,桂中1井钻探结果与地震勘探解释成果吻合较好,检验了该方法用于南方碳酸盐岩地区勘探的有效性.