Identification of the environmentally safe fairway in the South-Western Baltic Sea and Kattegat

Application of the preventive techniques for the optimisation of fairways in the south-western Baltic Sea and the Kattegat in terms of protection of the coastal regions against current-driven surface transport of adverse impacts released from vessels is considered. The techniques rely on the quantification of the offshore domains (the points of release of adverse impacts) in terms of their ability to serve as a source of remote, current-driven danger to the nearshore. An approximate solution to this inverse problem of current-driven transport is obtained using statistical analysis of a large pool of Lagrangian trajectories of water particles calculated based on velocity fields from the Denmark’s Meteorological Institute (DMI)/BSH cmod circulation model forced by the DMI-HIRHAM wind fields for 1990–1994. The optimum fairways are identified from the spatial distributions of the probability of hitting the coast and for the time (particle age) it takes for the pollution to reach the coast. In general, the northern side of the Darss Sill area and the western domains of the Kattegat are safer to travel. The largest variations in the patterns of safe areas and the properties of pollution beaching occur owing to the interplay of water inflow and outflow. The gain from the use of the optimum fairways is in the range of 10–30?% in terms of the decrease in the probability of coastal hit within 10?days after pollution release or an increase by about 1–2?days of the time it takes for the hit to occur.     

基于多元线性回归的表层岩溶泉流量预测

利用贵州省安顺市普定县陈旗小流域泉流量动态变化及降雨观测资料,根据泉流量系列自相关和偏自相关以及降雨-泉流量系列互相关分析,确定泉流量系列以及降雨-泉流量响应滞时,建立泉流量与降雨及前期泉流量的多元线性回归模型。率定期(模型参数率定的时段)模型的输出结果与实测流量过程线较为吻合,效率系数为0.996,均方误差为3.0×10-7m3/s,平均相对误差为2.12%。验证期效率系数为0.985,均方误差为3.96×10-7m3/s,平均相对误差为5.36%。研究也同时表明,随着预测时段的增长,泉流量消退阶段的预测误差增大,因此文中所建模型用于10小时之内泉流量预测较为可靠,六场降雨后泉流量退水过程预测的泉流量相对误差平均值小于5%。      

基于离散裂隙网络模型的裂隙水渗流计算

离散裂隙网络模型(Discrete Fracture Network（DFN）)是研究裂隙水渗流最为有效的手段之一。文章根据裂隙几何参数和水力参数的统计分布,利用Monte Carlo随机模拟技术生成二维裂隙网络,基于图论无向图的邻接矩阵判断裂隙网络的连通,利用递归算法提取出裂隙网络的主干网或优势流路径。基于立方定律和渗流连续性方程,利用数值解析法建立了二维裂隙网络渗流模型,分析不同边界条件下裂隙网络中的流体流动。结果表明,该方法可以模拟区域宏观水力梯度和边界条件下,裂隙网络水力梯度方向总的流量,以及节点的水位、节点间的流量和流动方向的变化特征,为区域岩溶裂隙水渗流计算提供了一种实用、可行的方法。      

天然有机质对纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬的影响

应用纳米零价铁进行地下水污染治理是近年迅速发展的环境修复新技术,但在实际应用中,纳米零价铁的反应活性受到环境条件的影响,其中自然界中广泛存在的天然有机质就是重要影响因素。通过批实验研究腐殖酸(天然有机质代表物)对纳米零价铁去除水中六价铬的影响,结果表明,腐殖酸的存在能够极大地抑制纳米铁去除六价铬的反应速度和去除效率,原因在于纳米铁对腐殖酸具有一定的吸附作用,从而减少了纳米铁表面的有效活性位点,降低了对六价铬的作用。此外发现,水体中溶解氧的存在有利于纳米铁对六价铬的去除。关于腐殖酸-纳米零价铁-六价铬的相互作用研究,对于进一步揭示修复体系作用机制具有重要的理论和应用价值。     

Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.     

侧限压缩条件下土体结构性参数的单变量模型

通过分析侧限压缩条件下基于应变考虑的土结构性参数和基于应力考虑的土结构性参数,给出了结构性参数的统一表达式,即采用割线模量表示的土体结构性参数。这种表示的积极意义在于避免了初始状态下基于应变考虑的土结构性参数和基于应力考虑的土结构性参数均无法求解的现象。构建了以主动作用为单变量描述的土体结构性参数模型,即基于相同应力方法的土结构性参数模型和基于相同应变方法的土结构性参数模型,并对杨凌黄土的原状样、重塑样和饱和样进行侧限压缩试验。通过试验值和计算值的比较,检验了模型的合理性。研究结果表明,试验值和计算值能够较好吻合。采用主动作用为单变量描述的土体结构性参数直观地反映主动作用对土体结构性的影响,同时简化结构性参数计算过程,实现数值计算。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘非灌溉条件下梭梭[（Haloxylon ammodendron）]蒸腾耗水特征

利用热平衡包裹式茎流计连续测定了古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原生梭梭2010年5月6日～10月12日的茎干液流及气象因子数据,探究了非灌溉条件下不同直径梭梭在其蒸腾耗水特性及与气象因子相关性之间的差异。结果表明：（1）茎干液流昼夜变化规律明显,蒸腾日变化呈双峰或多峰趋势,夜间保持较小液流;午休现象多出现于14∶00～16∶00。相同环境因子影响下,直径越大,茎干液流速率越大,午休现象也越明显;（2）在生长季,不同直径梭梭液流的启动和停止时间存在差异,6～8月,直径越大,液流启动时间越早,停止时间越晚。同一植株液流在不同月份的启动和停止时间差异较大,生长初期,液流启动早,停止迟;生长季末期,液流启动迟,停止早;（3）5～8月,液流日累积过程呈明显的“S”型趋势;9～10月,呈斜率一致的一条直线。直径越大,日累积量和累积速率越大,第一拐点到达时刻越早,第二拐点到达时刻越晚;（4）液流速率与太阳辐射的相关性最好,其次为气温和相对湿度,风速最小;相关性在7月份最大,6月和8月次之,10月最小。相同环境条件下,直径越大,其液流速率对气象因子的响应越明显;（5）观测时段内,7月耗水最多,6月、8月、9月次之,5月和10月最少。直径越大耗水量越多,直径9.9、13.4、22.9 cm日均耗水量为0.570、0.595、0.694 mm,总耗水量为92.904、96.923、113.052 mm,液流通量为0.263、0.284、0.346 L·cm^-2·d^-1。与干旱区不同生境的梭梭相比,古尔班通古特沙漠原生梭梭的液流通量相对较小。不同地点和生境的梭梭在耗水数量、耗水日过程特性等方面差异明显,这为天然荒漠植被防护林的管理及沙漠区人工灌溉植物的水资源合理配置提供了一定的决策支持。     

尼罗罗非鱼(>Oreochromis niloticus)生长相关分析及生长模型构建

运用Pearson相关分析对尼罗罗非鱼可量性状进行分析,并采用Logistic、Gompertz、Bertallanffy三种非线性模型对尼罗罗非鱼生长相关参数进行生长模型构建,以研究尼罗罗非鱼的生长发育规律。结果表明:尼罗罗非鱼各形态性状与体重之间的相关系数均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),体重与全长、体长、体高的相关性相对显著,与尾柄长的相关性不明显。生长模型研究结果表明:三种模型均能很好地模拟尼罗罗非鱼生长曲线,拟合度(R2)均高于0.983,其中以Logistic模型的拟合度最高(R2=0.991),运用这3种模型对尼罗罗非鱼进行生长曲线的拟合和比较分析较为可行。     

海上单道地震与浅地层剖面数据海浪改正处理研究

因受海面大风浪与涌浪等影响,海上单道地震与浅地层剖面数据反射同相轴常出现波浪状起伏,造成剖面反射层位错乱,分辨率与信噪比降低。根据海浪噪声与海底反射地层在横向上的相关性与变化频率等特性,以及综合前人的研究成果,采用陆上地震数据剩余静校正处理中的统计模型道互相关方法来实现对剖面反射同相轴的海浪改正处理;为减少强能量噪声对相关运算的影响,采用中值滤波、光滑滤波技术对反射同相轴曲线进行滤波处理,以进一步减少残留海浪的影响及相关运算改正误差。将这些方法综合运用于海上实际调查资料处理后,大风浪与涌浪影响下的波浪状反射同相轴变得连续、光滑,海底下混乱模糊的反射层位变得清晰、连续,剖面信噪比与分辨率得到了极大的提高。