Wenchuan Earthquake： Way of thinking is changed

On 12 May, 2008, at 14：28：04 local time, an Ms 8.0 earthquake struck the Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province, in southwest China （Figure 1）. This quake left about 70,000 people dead, 18,000 missing and over 370,000 injured. In the 75 days after the main shock, 20,000 aftershocks were recorded, which included 241 with Ms≥4.0, 205 with 4.0≤M≤4.9, 30 with 5.0≤Ms≤5.9, and 6 with Ms≥6.0. The largest aftershock took place 13 days after the main shock, in Qingchuan County, 110 km northeast of the epicenter of the quake （Chen, 2008）. The losses from the quaketriggered geological disasters accounted for over a third of the total quake losses, which is extremely rare in the history of earthquake disasters. Secondary disasters, such as landslides, rockslides, landfalls, debris flows, etc., were widely distributed. Large numbers of buildings collapsed, including ones with steel reinforcing in the area of the epicenter. Infrastructure was badly damaged. In many areas, communications, and power and water supplies were cut off. The earthquake left over 35 large quake-dammed lakes, which threatened further disasters in the catchment areas.     

High‐pressure metamorphism in Taiwan: from oceanic subduction to arc‐continent collision?

Abstract The Taiwan orogen has been the focus of a number of models of mountain building processes, but little attention has been paid to high‐pressure (HP) metamorphic rocks that are found as exotic blocks intermingled within the deepest units of the mountain belt. In this study, we re‐appraise from updated petrological and thermodynamic databases the physical conditions of HP metamorphism in Taiwan, and we combine our findings with available geochronological data to estimate the thermal history of these rocks. Our results indicate that peak metamorphic conditions of ～550 °C and 10–12 kbar have been followed by a rapid isothermal decompression, with exhumation possibly as rapid as burial. These units have subsequently been stored at a pressure of ～3 kbar for ～4–5 Myr, before their final exhumation, probably facilitated by the accretion of passive margin sequences during the Late Cenozoic collision. Therefore, HP units in Taiwan maintain a record of processes at depth from the early stages of oceanic subduction to the present arc‐continent collision.     

华北克拉通北缘隆化地区S型花岗岩的独居石年龄图谱

位于华北克拉通北缘中段的隆化S型花岗岩由石榴石黑云母花岗岩、石榴石花岗岩以及片麻理化的黑云母花岗岩组成。其主体岩性石榴石黑云母花岗岩SiO_2和Al_2O_3含量分别为64.09%～69.6%以及14.6%～16.13%,K_2O/Na_2O>1.0,A/CNK>1,0,Mg~#在20.76～34.89之间变化,具有明显的Nb、Ta、P、Ti和Sr亏损以及Rb、K和Th富集。石榴石黑云母花岗岩(样品JB6031-1)采用独居石电子探针U-Th-Pb化学法进行测年,获得了2553±120Ma、2180±42Ma和1854±24Ma三个年龄峰值。一颗独居石内部成分分带上6个分析点定年结果构成2553±120Ma的峰值年龄,这一年龄与我们最新获得的2506±7Ma和2541±8Ma(继承锆石年龄)LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄相似,我们将这一独居石年龄解释为继承独居石的年龄,表明在赤城-隆化断裂以北存在太古宙陆块,并且在后期构造-热事件中发生部分熔融形成S型花岗岩。该独居石颗粒幔部成分分带上10个分析点的测年结果揭示的峰值年龄为2181±42Ma,该年龄也是出现频率最高的年龄值,我们建议2181±42Ma为S型花岗岩的结晶年龄,反映了S型花岗岩的侵位时代。独居石颗粒外部成分分带上8个分析点的测年结果构成1854±24Ma的峰值年龄,该年龄与华北克拉通中部带的变质年龄接近,我们将其解释为S型花岗岩的变质年龄,表明华北克拉通北缘的构造演化与中部带的构造演化密切相关。     

JD直连式深孔绳索取心钻杆的研制与应用

根据深部找矿的需要,立足于我国目前钻探设备现状和材料冶炼及机械加工水平,通过对钻杆选材、结构、制造工艺的创新,研制了一种两端镦粗后整体热处理再车螺纹的新型深孔绳索取心钻杆及配套钻具,经使用,效果达到了设计要求。     

欠平衡钻井技术在梨深1井的应用

欠平衡钻井技术是准确发现和评价油气资源的方法之一,尤其适合评价和开发低压低渗油气层。介绍了梨深1井四开井段实施欠平衡钻井技术的详细情况。该井四开钻井液密度0.90～1.05 g/cm3,使钻井液液柱压力低于地层压力,地层大量气体侵入井筒,进一步增大井底欠压差。自井深3582.5 m后一直维持点火钻进,为后续井钻井施工提供了很好的借鉴。     

一类可转债的定价模型的实证研究

在只考虑赎回条款条件下,通过引入巴黎期权特性,给出了可转债的定价模型.并利用Crank-Nicolson有限差分格式以及Gsuss-Seidel遮代方法求解该模型.以实际交易日敷作为时间变量的节点数,再以可转债的市场价格作为股价变量的节点之一,构造网格,对招行转馈进行实证研究,得到其价格路径.结果表明,模型价格略低于市场价格,两者走势基本保持一致,在非转股期,平均偏差为9.138 2%.而进入转股期后为3.395 4%,总平均偏差为4.873 3%,拟合度高.     

中国东北依兰地区块状蓝片岩的地球化学特征

黑龙江省依兰地区分布的黑龙江杂岩被认为足具有缝合带性质的构造混杂岩,其中所含变基性火山熔岩中含有的变质矿物不具有定向组构特征,因此称之为块状蓝片岩.特征变质矿物--蓝闪石的大量出现表明其经历过高压低温变质作用.常量地球化学分析表明,其SiO2含量均在53%以下,TiO2含量超过2%,Na2O K2O的含量为2.77%～6.41%,Na2O的含量普遍大于K2O的含量,Na2O K2O-SiO2变异图显示其具有碱性玄武岩特征;痕量元素地球化学分析显示其轻重稀土元素分异明显,稀土元素配分曲线表现为轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的右倾型.球粒陨石标准化图解中,不具有Eu的负异常;Nbx2-Zr/4-Y、Ti/100-Zr-Sr/2与Ba-Th-Nb-La图解的综合分析表明,块状蓝片岩具有碱性洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的特征,它们应是佳木斯地块与松嫩地块之间古洋壳俯冲过程的残留,这为探讨佳木斯陆块与松嫩陆块之间古老洋盆俯冲消减过程提供了重要依据.     

滇西点苍山—哀牢山变质岩系锆石SHRIMP定年及其地质意义

滇西点苍山和哀牢山主体分别由下元古界苍山群和哀牢山群深变质岩系组成,被认为是前寒武纪结晶基底。选取点苍山的花岗闪长质糜棱岩(DCS-1)和哀牢山元江段黑云母花岗闪长质片麻岩(SM07-1)之中的锆石进行U-Pb SHRIMP定年。样品DCS-1和SM07-1测年结果分别为233±2.6Ma和239.8±2.8Ma。结合前人对滇西地区花岗质岩类所做的研究,揭示滇西地区在三叠纪经历一期在空间上广泛分布的岩浆事件,点苍山花岗质糜棱岩和哀牢山花岗质片麻岩的原岩为三叠纪侵位的花岗岩,其构造环境属于大陆裂谷,反映了滇西地区在三叠纪地壳物质的重新调整,而该变质岩系不是前寒武纪的结晶基底,其变质作用与山体出露地表过程和新生代构造作用有关。     

基于Web＆GIS的洪水预报技术概述

洪水预报技术涉及专业技术和实现技术两个方面,洪水预报实现技术的发展制约着洪水预报的整体水平.基于GIS及Web的洪水预报应用技术,代表了洪水预报技术发展的一个新的方向,主要体现在三个方面:构件化应用开发的洪水预报系统;建立分布式洪水预报模型;交互式洪水预报调度决策应用模式.技术关键在于洪水预报中间件和相应应用中间件标准,其次是规范构件化应用;三是推进应用级服务体系,支持行业应用的构件化软件开发.     

大型海藻对富营养化海水养殖区的生物修复

随着海水养殖的快速发展,养殖水体的自身污染和富营养化已成为严重的环境问题。作为生物滤器的大型海藻可以有效地吸收、利用养殖环境中多余的氮、磷等营养物质,从而减轻养殖废水对环境的影响,并提高养殖系统的经济输出,被广泛应用于鱼、虾和贝类等的综合养殖系统中,对富营养化海水养殖区进行生物修复。文章概述了大型海藻对富营养化海水养殖区进行生物修复的原因、原理、优点、研究进展以及应用大型海藻产生的效益和需要注意的问题。并指出在富营养化海水养殖区养殖大型海藻进行生物修复的方法可以实现海水养殖业的可持续发展。