Computer simulation of the particle acceleration in pulsar magnetospheres

In the spherically-symmetric case, a computer simulation of the electron acceleration inside the outflow channel of the pulsar magnetosphere is produced. The stationary motion of electrons is shown to be unstable in the case of > _c, where is a parameter describing inhomogeneity of the background charge, and _c is its critical value. The arising non-stationary motion of electrons leads to a formation of electron bunches, which move chaotically. The mean electron energy appears to be much greater at the non-stationary motion, than at the stationary one. The time-averaged parameters of the non-stationary electron flow and their dependence upon have been investigated. Distributions of the mean values of parameters (charge density, electron velocity, electric field energy density, pressure, and internal energy of the gas composed of the electron bunches) over the magnetosphere altitude have been investigated. The mean spectra of the charge density have been obtained. The results of numerical investigation of the spherically-symmetric model are used for estimation of the electron energy and of the electron flux in the case of the more realistic model. The radioemission loss is estimated, and is shown to be large enough for explaining the radiopulsar phenomenon as a thermal radioemission of the pulsar magnetosphere. In particular, such common properties of the pulsar radioemission as the high bright temperature, the sharp radioemission directivity, and the characteristic turn-over of the radioemission spectrum at the frequency of the order 10⁸ Hz are found a natural explanation in frames of this model.     

The production of light elements in unconventional cosmologies with VMOs

The abundances of light elements (deuterium, helium and lithium) are calculated in unconventional cosmologies in which these elements are produced by interaction of fast -particles ejected by massive pregalactic stars with a purely hydrogenous cosmological substrate. The number density and energetics of such stars needed for suitable production of light elements are estimated. It is shown that the models always lead to overproduction of lithium. The intensity of ultraviolet, X-ray, and -ray emission caused by explosions of pregalactic massive stars is calculated. The distortions of cosmic background radiation by Compton losses of electrons heated by explosive stars are also calculated.     

Hydrodynamical models of type II supernovae

A series of hydrodynamical models of type-II supernova outbursts (SNII) has been calculated. Approximate relations connecting the total outburst energy ε, the mass of envelope ejectedM, the presupernova radiusR, and the amount of ionizing quanta radiated by the supernovaeN _H with such values as the duration of the light curve plateau Δt, and absolute magnitude in the wavelength bandV and photospheric velocityU _PH observed near the middle of the plateau have been established. Advantage has been taken of the relations to obtain a preliminary evaluation for the characteristics of the average SN II: ε=7×10⁵⁰ erg,M=6M _⊙,R=500R _⊙,N _H=2×10⁵⁸. The SNIIs with plateau-like light curves seem to be accounted for by thermonuclear explosions of degenerate cores of red giant stars and result in a total disruption of the star without any stellar remnant. To the contrary, SNIIs with linear light curves have substantially different properties (in particular, they throw considerably less massive envelopes off). These SNII must signify the birth of collapsed objects—neutron stars (pulsars) or black holes.     

Evolution of melt composition during intrusion of basalts into a silicic magma chamber

The article describes heat exchange between basaltic and rhyolite melts accompanied by fractional crystallization of phases in a basaltic melt. A numerical model has been developed for the homogenization mechanism of magma composition during intrusion of basaltic magma batches into felsic magma chambers. The results of numerical modeling demonstrate that the time needed for cooling the basalts and their fractionation to rhyolite melts is much shorter than the time required for chemical interaction based on diffusive mechanisms.     

Changes of deformational and reservoir properties of arenaceous-argillaceous rocks due to operation of underground gas storage facilities

This paper discusses issues of the decline of the reservoir properties of arenaceous-argillaceous rocks as a result of declining porosity due to long-term operation of underground gas storage facilities. An analysis of the many-year operation of storage facilities, as well as calculation, has revealed that the active capacity of a storage reservoir gradually decreases under certain conditions of underground storage operations. We performed a series of experiments with model specimens in order to support the hypothesis of decreasing reservoir (capacity-filtration) properties because of changes in the value and structure of the pore space. These experiments showed that the cyclic loading and unloading of arenaceous-silty rocks during long-term operation of underground gas storage facilities can significantly decrease the reservoir parameters of reservoirs created within worked out gas-and-gas condensate fields. Laboratory studies of model specimens corresponding to feldspar sandstone in their composition, porosity, and strength proved that porosity considerably decreases in such reservoirs at actually existing values of formation pressure. Tests of sand performed under conditions close to those existing during the development of hydrocarbon fields also showed that their permeability gradually decreases in the process of cyclic changes of effective pressure.     

Silica phase transformations in the petroliferous sequences

The joint evolution of organic matter and silica in petroliferous sequences is considered in the terms of the laws of transformation of dispersion systems. The dispersion systems are transformed under conditions of low-temperature solid-phase processes accompanied by the silica phase transition and dehydration that favors the evolution of organic matter.     

火焰发射光谱法测定氯化物型湖卤水中钾和钠

氯化物型湖卤水中一般呈现高钠低钾的分布状态,实验配制了合理的钾钠分布比例的标准系列,原水样不需特殊处理,通过逐级稀释,采用最高标准调节能量,火焰发射光谱法直接测定湖卤水中的钾和钠,在标准曲线上查得被测离子的质量,然后换算成钾和钠的含量.方法用于氯化物型湖卤水中钾和钠的测定,回收率为91%～116%,精密度(RSD,n=7)小于1%.     

西藏驱龙斑岩铜钼矿床中UST石英的发现:初始岩浆流体的直接记录

单向固结结构(UST)是浅成侵位的岩浆出溶过程中形成的一种特殊结构,一般由梳状石英与细晶(斑岩)岩交互生长而成,少数产于斑岩与围岩接触部位,其内的原生包裹体被认为是初始流体出溶的可靠记录.作者在西藏驱龙铜矿床中首次发现了具有单向固结结构的石英.研究表明,驱龙UST石英存在于后期侵位的二长花岗斑岩与花岗闪长岩的接触部位,部分为高温β石英;UST石英中原生包裹体的成分主要为高盐度液相,除石盐子矿物外,还含有硬石膏等其他子矿物.阴极发光及显微测温结果表明,初始流体的出溶发生在高温(t≥573℃)、高压(P≥150～200 MPa)条件下,出溶的流体为高温、高盐度[w(NaCkeq)为44.5%～58%]流体,同时还具有较高的氧逸度.因形成压力较高,判断UST石英不可能由较浅侵位的二长花岗斑岩岩枝冷凝出溶而形成,从而推测驱龙铜矿床深部存在着孕育成矿斑岩的大型岩基.     

安徽铜陵狮子山矿田岩浆岩锆石SHRIMP定年及其成因意义

铜陵狮子山矿田发育大量岩浆岩,且与矿田中的铜金多金属成矿关系密切。锆石SHRIMP同位素精确定年表明,矿田中的岩浆侵位年龄在132.4～142.9Ma之间,即晚侏罗世—早白垩世,属燕山早期晚阶段。矿田岩浆岩体是在同期岩浆活动中多次侵位形成的,岩浆侵入活动可以划分为分别起始于140Ma前后和约136Ma的早晚两次。从岩浆上升侵位到冷却结晶的时间间隔均较短,但其中白芒山辉石二长闪长岩冷却史相对较长,且经历了早期深部岩浆房中的分离结晶作用和后期构造脉动、岩浆上升侵位、减压受热、早期晶体再熔蚀及冷却结晶的过程。结合主量元素和微量元素地球化学研究认为,狮子山矿田岩浆演化的后期,即起源于上地幔或下地壳的原生岩浆在同化了壳源物质并聚集到岩浆房中以后,在滞留的过程中发生了一定程度的分离结晶作用,但尚未固结,成分上显示了一定的带状分布,在区域构造应力松弛及构造事件诱发下,随机地沿发育的构造裂隙先后上升侵位,冷凝结晶。