The elastodynamic near field

Summary. The elastodynamic fields of point forces and shear dislocations of finite source duration are analysed with the aim of establishing the frequency and time-domain characteristics of the field in the near-source region. Criteria are obtained for amplitude dominance in regions where the source–sensor distance is much smaller than the wavelength.
It is shown that in the frequency domain , the Green's tensor (and hence the displacement field of a single point force) attenuates like R ⁻¹ in the near-source region and there exists no region in which the 'near-field' term becomes dominant such that the 'far-field' term can be neglected. Hence, there is no real 'near-field' term for the elastodynamic Green's tensor. The near-field terms of the displacements, velocities and accelerations excited by a shear dislocation attenuate like R ⁻², since the R ⁻³ and R ⁻⁴ terms tend to be eliminated due to mutual cancellation of P and S motions in the near-source region.
In the time domain , the corresponding near field of the displacement field is defined for the steady amplitude interval (away from transients) R /β < t < R /α+ T by the condition R ≤βT where β is the shear velocity and T is the source's duration. The relative strengths of all other arrivals will depend on the particular time window under consideration.
The particle motion patterns due to a single force in the near-source region are shown to be similar to rotating hyperbolas with an axis along the force direction, which are quite different from the 'smoke ring' motion patterns of the so-called 'near-field' term itself.     

石英砂扫描电镜在漓江“泥砾”成因中的应用

本文根据扫描电镜对从漓江河谷钻孔中的泥砾层取得的481粒石英砂表面形态特证研究结果:石英砂多数颗粒保持棱角状外形并遭受不同程度的磨蚀,具阶状贝壳断口,平直或弧形刮削面和多向擦痕,沿解理面破碎呈“V”字形沟和撞击碟形坑,以及微溶蚀孔、隙、蜂窝状溶孔群和SiO_2再沉积等表面形态结构特征。认为它是在第四纪古地理湿热气候条件下泥石流沉积的产物,物源可能来自境内或周边的泥盆系砂岩和境外的花岗岩。     

Fracture energy release and size effect in borehole breakout

The paper presents a simple approximate analytical solution of the remote stresses that cause the collapse of a borehole or other circular cylindrical cavity in an infinite elastic space. Regions of parallel equidistant splitting cracks are assumed to form on the sides of the cavity. Their boundary is assumed to be an ellipse of a growing horizontal axis, the other axis remaining equal to the borehole diameter. The slabs of rock between the splitting cracks are assumed to buckle as slender columns, and their post-critical stress is considered as the residual stress in the cracked rock. The buckling of these slab columns is assumed to be resisted not only by their elastic bending stiffness but also shear stresses produced on rough crack faces by relative shear displacements. The energy release from the infinite medium caused by the growth of the elliptical cracking region is evaluated according to Eschelby's theorem. This release is set equal to the energy dissipated by the formation of all the splitting cracks, which is calculated under the assumption of constant fracture energy. This yields the collapse stress as a function of the elastic moduli, fracture energy, ratio of the remote principal stresses, crack shear resistance characteristic and borehole diameter. The collapse stress as a function of crack spacing is found to have a minimum, and the correct crack spacing is determined from this minimum. For small enough diameters, the crack spacing increases as the (4/5)-power of the borehole diameter, while for large enough diameters a constant spacing is approached. In contrast to plastic solutions, the breakout stress exhibits a size effect, such that for small enough diameters the breakout stress decreases as the (? 2/5)-power of the borehole diameter, while for large enough diameters a constant limiting value is approached. Finally, some numerical estimates are given and the validity of various simplifying assumptions made is discussed.     

Numerical prediction of blast‐induced stress wave from large‐scale underground explosion

This paper presents a numerical model for predicting the dynamic response of rock mass subjected to large‐scale underground explosion. The model is calibrated against data obtained from large‐scale field tests. The Hugoniot equation of state for rock mass is adopted to calculate the pressure as a function of mass density. A piecewise linear Drucker–Prager strength criterion including the strain rate effect is employed to model the rock mass behaviour subjected to blast loading. A double scalar damage model accounting for both the compression and tension damage is introduced to simulate the damage zone around the charge chamber caused by blast loading. The model is incorporated into Autodyn3D through its user subroutines. The numerical model is then used to predict the dynamic response of rock mass, in terms of the peak particle velocity (PPV) and peak particle acceleration (PPA) attenuation laws, the damage zone, the particle velocity time histories and their frequency contents for large‐scale underground explosion tests. The computed results are found in good agreement with the field measured data; hence, the proposed model is proven to be adequate for simulating the dynamic response of rock mass subjected to large‐scale underground explosion. Extended numerical analyses indicate that, apart from the charge loading density, the stress wave intensity is also affected, but to a lesser extent, by the charge weight and the charge chamber geometry for large‐scale underground explosions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

VERTICAL PROFII,ES OF CHL-A AND PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN THE MIDDLE CONTINENTAL SHELF AREA AND EDDY AREA OF THE EAST CHINA SEA

Vertical profiles of chl-a and primary productivity in the middle continental shelf area and eddy area of the East China Sea were studied using data from a cruise in the East China Sea in February to March, 1997 and a cruise in July, 1998. The results showed that chl-a vertical distribution closely related to in situ hydrological and nutrient conditions. Chla-a concentration ranged from 0.22 to 0.35 mg/m³ and 0.93–1.09 mg/m³ in the eddy area and in the middle continental shelf area, respectively. In both areas, chl-a concentrations in deep layers were slightly higher than those in shallow layers, but was of the same order of magnitude. In summer, when a thermocline existed in the water column, highest chl-a concentrations appeared at the base of the thermocline layers in both areas. In the eddy area, chl-a concentration maximized at 31.743 mg/m³, and averaged 1.143 mg/m³ below 30 m depth. In the middle continental shelf area, the highest chl-a concentration was 2.120 mg/m³, the average was 1.168 mg/m³. The primary productivity reached 1418.76 mgC/(m²·d) in summer and 1360.69 mgC/(m²·d) in winter. In the eddy area, the primary productivity was 787.50 mgC/(m²·d) in summer and 159.04 mgC/(m²·d) in winter. Vertical carbon sinking rate from the deep layer to the bottom in both areas is also discussed in this paper. Contribution NO. 4183 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Project No. 49636210 supported by NSFC.     

鄂尔多斯高原晚更新世以来的古冰缘现象及其气候地层学意义

本文概述了鄂尔多斯高第三系至全新统地层中融冻(衤习)皱和沙(土)楔两类古冰縁现象的分布与形态特征,探索了它们的成因以及同所在地层和上覆风成沙或黄土的关系,並对古冰縁现象的气候地层学意义作了讨论。     

测绘项目管理实施引论

根据我国测绘生产单位的实际情况 ,测绘项目管理的具体实施大致包括对项目的识别、选定、启动与筹集资金、计划、成本估算、执行计划、控制、收尾等主要步骤。当项目确定后 ,需要启动和筹集资金。而计划是项目管理的基本组成部分 ,包括明确项目目标和工作范围。项目成本估算有因素估算法和利用WBS方法的详细估算。项目质量管理规划的依据有质量目标、范围说明、标准和规范等。     

地倾斜台站数字化、模拟观测数据频率特性研究

分析了四川、云南的部分地倾斜数字化观测与模拟观测资料的特性，从频率范围，周期10天以上的FFT谱特性，固体潮波振幅，相位特征值等方面，论述了地倾斜数字化资料较模拟记录资料的信息组成变化，并对资料的分析与应用进行了初步探讨。     

APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL PARAMETER DATABASE TO ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIT POPULATION DATABASE

Now GIS is turning into a good tool in handling geographical, economical, and population data, so we can obtain more and more information from these data. On the other hand, in some cases, for a calamity, such as hurricane, earthquake, flood, drought etc., or a decision-making, such as setting up a broadcasting transmitter, building a chemical plant etc., we have to evaluate the total population in the region influenced by a calamity or a project. In this paper, a method is put forward to evaluate the population in such special region. Through exploring the correlation of geographical parameters and the distribution of people in the same region by means of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, unit population database (1km× 1km) is established. In this way, estimating the number of people in a special region is capable by adding up the population in every grid involved in this region boundary. The geographical parameters are obtained from topographic database and DEM database on the scale of     

西部大开发中的科技伦理调控

在阐述西部大开发中科技主导地位的基础上 ,从科技应用成效二重性的视角 ,探讨了关注西部科技伦理的必要性 ,并初步提出了西部大开发战略的科技伦理调控机制