Construction and progress of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem carbon,nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation

Eddy Covariance technique (EC) achieves the direct measurement on ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes, and it provides scientific data for accurately assessing ecosystem functions in mitigating global climate change. This paper briefly reviewed the construction and development of Chinese terrestrial ecosystem flux observation and research network (ChinaFLUX), and systematically introduced the design principle and technology of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation system of ChinaFLUX. In addition, this paper summarized the main progress of ChinaFLUX in the ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water exchange and environmental controlling mechanisms, the spatial pattern of carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes and biogeographical mechanisms, and the regional terrestrial ecosystem carbon budget assessment. Finally, the prospects and emphases of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon, nitrogen and water fluxes coordinated observation of ChinaFLUX are put forward to provide theoretical references for the development of flux observation and research in China.     

自嵌式景观加筋挡土墙的特点及工程应用

自嵌式景观挡土墙具有施工工艺简单、稳定性好、造价低、美观、环保等特点。针对自嵌式景观挡土墙施工中的关键技术问题进行探讨,提出了相应的技术措施。     

鄂尔多斯盆地麻黄山西区块延长、延安组裂缝成因及期次

裂缝的形成是一个复杂过程,对其成因及期次研究需要通过多方面的资料进行综合分析加以确定.对鄂尔多斯盆地麻黄山西区块裂缝的研究首先选择了相似露头区进行裂缝的野外调查,野外裂缝特征表明:裂缝组系不稳定,受构造变形强度、形态所控制,且构造变形越强,裂缝的发育密度越大;确定了裂缝以构造成因为主.通过研究区23口取心井岩心裂缝观察描述,岩心上裂缝主要以垂直或者高角度斜交张性缝为主,且岩心上裂缝之间的切割、限制及组合关系表明了裂缝期次至少存在2期.最后在野外和岩心裂缝特征、成因及期次认识的基础上,进行了岩石声发射实验、裂缝充填物稳定碳氧同位素分析实验,并结合研究区构造演化背景确定了研究区裂缝形成期次主要有两期,可能分别对应研究区燕山运动二幕和三幕两个构造活动时期.     

利用三维激光扫描技术进行事故现场勘查

现有的交通事故现场勘查方法已经不能满足快速处理事故现场的要求,利用三维激光扫描测量方式灵活、速度快的特点,可以在较短时间内快速测量现场的三维数据,得到事故处理所需的现场平面图以及车体模型.该方法在提供事故勘查内容的基础上,解决了交通事故处理紧迫性的问题,提出了一种科学、快速调查事故现场的方法和途径.     

洞穴石笋沉积旋回主要特征的古气候环境研究

通过对我国南方大型石笋组分、结构构造的观测和董哥洞10号(D10)石笋210件碳、氧同位素组成、20个U系测年数据,以及部分微(痕)量元素的分析对比,概述了石笋沉积旋回性特征、旋回界面类型和相关的气候、环境、地质意义.以组成D10石笋的碳酸盐含碳质、黏土矿物,呈黑灰、灰黄、灰白、灰等色泽匹配、纹层厚及组合、层面呈拱形或平直分别组合或转变、构造类型、碳氧同位素组成及其组合,呈协调平行、不协调同向、不协调反向变化三类型若干亚类等,旋回性特征,确定了19个沉积旋回.根据δ13C平均值为-3.91 ‰PDB、δ18O为-6.97 ‰PDB分别为冷暖气候演变的临界(阀)值,δ13C或δ18O＞临界值者的偏重是冷,＜临界值的偏轻是热.以δ13C、δ18O组成(表1)和组合变化类型和上述旋回性特征,结合层面构造呈渐变过渡或突变,以及20个同位素年龄数据,初步认定荔波地区352 930～99 410年间沉积的19旋回,是一个较完整的冰期气候演化过程,属我国第四纪冰期系列的第五冰期,10旋回顶180 695年(推算)～15旋回顶129 890年,约5万多年是连续严寒的盛冰期,①、16分别可能是冰期早、晚时段相对温暖的间冰期.期间冷暖变化有5万年级的、10万年级的气候旋回.论证了荔波地区35～10万年间是冰期气候环境,前期17万年寒冷的气候环境,期间35万年、25万年前后更严寒,但生态基本保持正常演变的面貌,中期5万多年为极寒冷的气候环境,生态向适应冷气候环境演化,晚期3万多年为冷暖频繁突(跃)变的恶劣气候,期间生态面貌复杂,正常演替与残存、突变演替并存.     

Migration of Depocenters and Accumulation Centers and its Indication of Subsidence Centers in the Mesozoic Ordos Basin

Based on the integrated study of structure attributions and characteristics of the original basin in combination with lithology and lithofacies, sedimentary provenance analysis and thickness distribution of the Mesozoic Ordos Basin, it is demonstrated that the depocenters migrated counterclockwise from southeast to the north and then to the southwest from the Middle-Late Triassic to the Early Cretaceous. There were no unified and larger-scale accumulation centers except several small isolated accumulation centers before the Early Cretaceous. The reasons why belts of relatively thick strata were well developed in the western basin in several stages are that this area is near the west boundary of the original Ordos Basin, there was abundant sediment supply and the hydrodynamic effect was strong. Therefore, they stand for local accumulation centers. Until the Early Cretaceous, depocenters, accumulation centers and subsidence centers were superposed as an entity in the southwest part of the Ordos Basin. Up to the end of the Middle Jurassic, there still appeared a paleogeographic and paleostructural higher-in-west and lower-in-east framework in the residual basin to the west of the Yellow River. The depocenters of the Ordos Basin from the Middle–Late Triassic to the Middle Jurassic were superposed consistently. The relatively high thermal maturation of Mesozoic and Paleozoic strata in the depocenters and their neighborhood suggest active deep effects in these areas. Generally, superposition of depocenters in several periods and their consistency with high thermal evolution areas reveal the control of subsidence processes. Therefore, depocenters may represent the positions of the subsidence centers. The subsidence centers (or depocenters) are located in the south of the large-scale cratonic Ordos Basin. This is associated with flexural subsidence of the foreland, resulting from the strong convergence and orogenic activity contemporaneous with the Qinling orogeny.     

地理信息系统在资源环境评价与管理中的应用

介绍了地理信息系统在资源环境评价与管理中的具体功能,讨论了GIS,RS,GPS在资源环境特别是水资源和精准农业管理上的应用,并指出地理信息系统作为一种信息处理工具能满足数字信息获取的三个阶段:数据的收集、数据的分析、数据的转换和信息处理。     

Digitizing the Dragon Head,Geo-Coding the Urban Landscape: GIS and the Transformation of China's Urban Governance

While local governments have been one of the major user groups of GIS, there is still little research on how GIS development in local government might be intertwined with urban governance, particularly in non-Western contexts. Drawing upon insights from GIS implementation, critical GIS, and governmentality studies, this article seeks to bridge this gap by examining the implications of Chinese urban government GIS practices amidst China's changing urban governance. Through an in-depth case study of Shenzhen, this article analyzes how urban GIS has been transformed from a practice involving internal organizational workflow automation, into a more active dimension of the governance of urban spaces—reflected in the expanding practice of “geo-coding” the urban landscape. “Geo-coding” here refers to a broadly defined spatial practice of carving and reconstructing a rational urban space. GIS practices have constituted a particular form of geographic rationality that seeks to govern at a distance while simultaneously regulating the urban environment, intersecting with the broader transformations of China's urban governance. These GIS developments have been largely government-centric rather than citizen-centric, yet they provide possibilities for new forms of spatial knowledge production for citizen participation in urban governance.     

Wetlands of Northeast Asia and High Asia: an overview

This review reports background information on wetlands in the Northeast Asia and High Asia areas, including wetland coverage and type, significance for local populations, and threats to their vitality and protection, with particular focus on the relationship of how global change influenced wetlands. Natural wetlands in these areas have been greatly depleted and degraded, largely due to global climate change, drainage and conversion to agriculture and silviculture, hydrologic alterations, exotics invasions, and misguided management policies. Global warming has caused wetland and ice-sheet loss in High Asia and permafrost thawing in tundra wetlands in Northeast Asia, and hence induced enormous reductions in water-storage sources in High Asia and carbon loss in Northeast Asia. This, in the long term, will exacerbate chronic water shortage and positively feed back global warming. Recently, better understanding of the vital role of healthy wetland ecosystems to Asia’s sustainable economic development has led to major efforts in wetland conservation and restoration. Nonetheless, collaborative efforts to restore and protect the wetlands must involve not only the countries of Northeast and High Asia but also international agencies. Research has been productive but the results should be more effectively integrated with policy-making and wetland restoration practices under future climatic scenarios.     

Performance spectra based method for the seismic design of structures equipped with passive supplemental damping systems

A new direct performance‐based design method utilizing design tools called performance‐spectra (P‐Spectra) for low‐rise to medium‐rise frame structures incorporating supplemental damping devices is presented. P‐Spectra are graphic tools that relate the responses of nonlinear SDOF systems with supplemental dampers to various damping parameters and dynamic system properties that structural designers can control. These tools integrate multiple response quantities that are important to the performance of a structure into a single compact graphical format to facilitate direct comparison of different potential solutions that satisfy a set of predetermined performance objectives under various levels of seismic hazard. An SDOF to MDOF transformation procedure that defines the required supplemental damping properties for the MDOF structure to achieve the response defined by the target SDOF system is also presented for hysteretic, linear viscous and viscoelastic damping devices. Using nonlinear time‐history analyses of idealized shear structures, the accuracy of the transformation procedure is verified. A seismic performance upgrade design example is presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method for achieving design performance goals using supplemental damping devices. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.