南水北调西线一期工程区达曲流域泥石流及发展趋势

南水北调西线一期工程区位于青藏高原的东北缘,具有复杂的地形地貌、岩性和区域构造背景,受自然因素控制和人类活动影响,尤其是工程建设对山地表层大规模的扰动,泥石流将成为工程施工和运行期间的重要灾害。通过野外考察和调查,查明了达曲流域的泥石流分布情况,得出达曲流域泥石流具有规模中等,危害严重;以冲为主,冲淤强烈;泥石流固体物质粒径粗;泥石流活动频率较低等特点。并在此基础上,分析了达曲流域泥石流的发展趋势。     

地下水水资源量监测分析技术应用探讨

地下水水资源量是区域水资源分析评价的重要内容,掌握地下水水资源量及其变化是地下水开发利用与管理的工作基础。针对地下水补给量、排泄量和储存量变化等关键要素,对地下水水资源量监测分析有关的技术方法进行系统探讨。同时,结合我国地下水水资源量监测分析的现状,总结提炼已有的试点工作经验和应用成果,指出将来地下水水资源量监测分析的研究方向和工作重点,为进一步提高全国地下水水资源量的监测分析和管理水平提供技术支撑。     

伦坡拉盆地西部丁青湖组新发现凝灰岩锆石U- Pb年龄及其地层学意义

伦坡拉盆地丁青湖组沉积时代的确定对于研究青藏高原中部的古高度和古气候具有重要的地质意义,但由于没有精确的年龄数据,其顶部是否跨入了新近系,一直以来都存在争论。作者在伦坡拉盆地西部鄂加卒地区开展野外调查过程中,在该剖面中部和上部新发现两套凝灰岩夹层,对凝灰岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,获得了两件凝灰岩样品的形成年龄分别为24.05±0.24Ma(MSWD=1.07,n=24)和22.64±0.33Ma(MSWD=0.45,n=17),时代分别为晚渐新世和早中新世。根据凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄和前人研究成果,将鄂加卒剖面的细碎屑岩地层重新厘定为丁青湖组,并将丁青湖组的沉积时代定为渐新世-中中新世。根据丁青湖组地层厚度及沉积速率估算,该组沉积持续时间在21～23Ma之间,其顶部地层的年龄在11～13Ma左右。由此可见,伦坡拉盆地接受连续沉积一直持续到了中中新世,这比过去普遍认识的晚始新世-渐新世时期青藏高原中部的古高度和古气候变化时间更晚。前人在该地区发现的近无角犀化石、攀鲈鱼化石、棕榈科叶片化石以及孢粉化石等研究结果共同证实,青藏高原中部渐新世晚期的古海拔高度低于～2500～3000 m。因此,该区晚渐新世-早中新世温暖潮湿的气候特征很可能是受到了印度洋气流穿透的影响,而且该影响可能一直持续到了中中新世,从而造就了该时期青藏高原生物的多样性。     

Short-term and diurnal temperature changes alter the response of harmful algal blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens to solar ultraviolet radiation

In this study, we explored the interactive effects of temperature and solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the growth, pigment contents, photochemical efficiency and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of Pseudo-nitzschia pungens, which forms harmful algal blooms globally. Cells were first pre-acclimated to temperatures of 20°C, 25°C or 28°C for 10 days. They were then exposed to three different types of solar radiation for 60?min. We then measured the photochemical efficiency of the cells during the 60-min exposure and a 360-min recovery period under dim light (20?μmol?photons?m^?2?s^?1). In addition, we analysed the diural change in photochemical efficiency and NPQ over a 10-h period. We found that P. pungens that were exposed to higher temperatures in the short term (i.e. 20–25°C, 20–28°C and 25–28°C) or long term (i.e. 25–25°C and 28–28°C) exhibited lower levels of photoinhibition and faster recovery rates than samples exposed to a lower temperature (i.e. 20–20°C). This indicated that the deleterious effects of UVR can be minimised by both chronic and acute exposure to higher temperatures within the tolerated temperature range for P. pungens.     

Development of a model for water and heat exchange between the atmosphere and a water body

A model for studying the heat and mass exchange between the atmosphere and a water body is developed, in which the phase change process of water freezing in winter and melting in summer and the function of the convective mixing process are taken into consideration. The model uses enthalpy rather than temperature as the predictive variable. It helps to set up governing equations more concisely, to deal with the phase change process more easily, and make the numerical scheme simpler. The model is verified by observed data from Lake Kinneret for a non-frozen lake in summer time, and Lake Lower Two Medicine for a frozen lake in winter time. Reasonably good agreements between the model simulations and observed data indicate that the model can serve as a component for a water body in a land surface model. In order to more efficiently apply the scheme in a climate system model, a sensitivity study of various division schemes with less layers in the vertical direction in the water body is conducted. The results of the study show that the division with around 10 vertical layers could produce a prediction accuracy that is comparable to the fine division with around 40 layers.     

Ecophysiological responses to drought stress in Populus euphratica

Ecophysiological responses to drought stress of Populus euphratica in Alashan Desert Eco-hydrology Experimental Research Station were investigated. Results show that under mild and moderate drought stress, stomatal length, aperture,area and density is likely to decrease in the early days, but afterwards this is likely to recovery with treatment over the passage of treatment time. Under severe drought stress, these properties appear to decline continuously. However, after45 days of drought-stress treatment, the decline is not as noticeable as before, indicating that Populus euphratica could possibly reduce water evaporation by shutting down the stoma, leading to an improvement in its water use efficiency with better survival under drought stress conditions. The leaf area first decreases, and then increases under mild and moderate drought stress conditions, with the average values under different degree of stress found to be approximately 129.52,120.08, 116.63 and 107.28 cm2, respectively. Under moderate stress conditions, the leaf water potential appears to show a continuous decline where the average values under different degree of stress are found to be-1.27,-1.85,-4.29 and-4.80 MPa, respectively. In terms of proline content, the results demonstrate that this factor appears to increase significantly under moderate and severe drought stress conditions. Especially under severe drought stress condition, the content is found to be more than 700 μg/g. Ranging over average values of 14.64 and 15.90 nmol/g under moderate and severe drought stress, respectively, Malondialdehyde content is found to increase quite rapidly under moderate and severe drought stress conditions at first, which then appears to decrease gradually with the treatment over time.     

华南夏季大气水汽汇时空变化特征

用1958~2004年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析华南夏季大尺度大气水汽汇的时空变化特征。结果表明:西南地区东部至华南北部地区、华南沿海地区是我国南方夏季水汽汇的2个主要的变异中心区。西南地区东部至华南北部地区夏季水汽汇具有明显的年代际变化特征。华南南部沿岸地区夏季水汽汇则以年际变化为主。西南地区东部至华南北部附近地区以及华南南部沿岸地区水汽汇的强弱异常变化,与东亚上空水汽输送异常而导致上述地区的垂直积分的水汽通量辐合的异常是密切相关:如果向华北或者长江流域的水汽输送增强(减弱),则华南地区得到的水汽减少(增加),导致上述地区上空的水汽汇偏弱(偏强)。     

Increases in Anthropogenic Heat Release from Energy Consumption Lead to More Frequent Extreme Heat Events in Urban Cities

With economic development and rapid urbanization,increases in Gross Domestic Product and population in fastgrowing cities since the turn of the 21st Century have led to increases in energy consumption.Anthropogenic heat flux released to the near-surface atmosphere has led to changes in urban thermal environments and severe extreme temperature events.To investigate the effects of energy consumption on urban extreme temperature events,including extreme heat and cold events,a dynamic representation scheme of anthropogenic heat release(AHR)was implemented in the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model,and AHR data were developed based on energy consumption and population density in a case study of Beijing,China.Two simulations during 1999?2017 were then conducted using the developed WRF model with 3-km resolution with and without the AHR scheme.It was shown that the mean temperature increased with the increase in AHR,and more frequent extreme heat events were produced,with an annual increase of 0.02?0.19 days,as well as less frequent extreme cold events,with an annual decrease of 0.26?0.56 days,based on seven extreme temperature indices in the city center.AHR increased the sensible heat flux and led to surface energy budget changes,strengthening the dynamic processes in the atmospheric boundary layer that reduce AHR heating efficiency more in summer than in winter.In addition,it was concluded that suitable energy management might help to mitigate the impact of extreme temperature events in different seasons.     

基于迭代重加权最小二乘法的雨滴谱函数拟合研究北大核心

传统的雨滴谱函数的拟合方法在不同的降水类型和不同分布函数下,可能存在拟合出来的雨滴谱函数与实际数据差异过大的情况,基于此问题,本文提出一种基于迭代重加权最小二乘法(Iterative Reweighed Least Square,IRLS)的雨滴谱函数拟合方法。利用Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪2019年7—10月在海南安定获得的225组层状云降水样本和110组对流云降水样本数据进行实验,通过不断更新权值,迭代计算,从而求出待估计参数。模拟结果表明了该方法应用在不同降水类型和不同分布函数下,对比阶矩法和最小二乘法得到的拟合优度都是最接近1的。     

南海北部浅地层剖面数据精细处理方法

通过对南海北部海域浅层剖面资料的分析研究,解决了多个数据处理难点。针对SEGY数据中的坐标错误,提出从导航定位原始资料中获取相应位置数据,改写SEGY道头信息,解决了SEGY数据道头坐标错误的问题;对波形进行相应处理,提高了浅地层剖面资料的分辨率;针对浅地层剖面震源位置不准的问题,对震源位置进行了校正;对同一设计测线多次分段作业剖面进行了剖面连接等。旨在为浅地层剖面的后续综合地质解译提供理想的基础资料。