A speculation on the structure of the D″ layer: The growth of anti-crust at the core–mantle boundary through the subduction history of the Earth

The growth curve of the continental crust shows that large amounts of continental crust formed in the early part of the Earth history are missing. In order to test a hypothesis that the former crust was subducted to the deep mantle, we performed phase assemblage analysis in the systems of mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB), anorthosite, and tonalite–trondhjemite–granite (TTG) down to the core–mantle boundary (CMB) conditions. Results show that all these materials can be subducted to the CMB leading to the development of a compositional layering in the D″ layer. We speculate that there could be five layers of FeO-enriched melt from partial melting of MORB, MORB crust, anorthosite, TTG, and slab or mantle peridotite in ascending order. Although the polymorphic transformation of perovskite to post-perovskite in (Mg,Fe)SiO₃ may explain the seismic discontinuity at the top of the D″ layer (D″ discontinuity), the effects of solid solution on the sharpness of the transformation suggest that the compositional layering is more plausible for the origin of the D″ discontinuity. The D″ layer can be an “anti-crust” made up mostly of TTG + anorthosite derived from the former continental crust. Tectonic style of the anti-crust at the CMB is similar to that at the surface. At both places, chemically distinct layers are density stratified and are also characterized by the processes of accretion, magmatism, and metasomatism.     

Infrared photometry of Venus: Variation during 10 years?

The infrared flux of Venus has been observed with a narrowband filter (λ = 3.6 μm, Δλ = 0.08 μm) from 1982 through 1984, covering a range of the phase angle α from 27 to 94°. Normalized values of flux at the Venus-Earth distance of 1 AU were (4.0–5.4) × 10^?17W/cm²/cm^?1 and the α dependence of the data is rather weak. Furthermore, when the evening terminator of Venus was seen, lower values of flux were obtained in contrast with higher values at the morning terminator. The α dependence is quite different from that of J.V. Martonchik and R. Beer (1975, J. Atmos. Sci.32, 1151–1156). Since we cannot find any significant problem in the two observational methods, the difference might suggest an intrinsic time variation of haze particles during these 10 years in the upper haze layer of the Venus cloud.     

河南省鲁山县下汤地热田地热资源分析

本文对鲁山县下汤地热田地热地质条件、地热流体化学特征、地热田边界、热储特征及其埋藏条件,进行了论述;分析了地热流体流场特征及其动态、地温场特征;初步建立热模型,对地热资源和地热可开采资源量及地热流体质量进行了评价;提出了地热资源的开发利用方向、保护措施及建议.     

准噶尔盆地晚新生代地理环境演变

准噶尔盆地是我国西北干旱区五大自然地理单元之一。本文主要论述了该盆地晚新生代以来干旱环境的形成演变，阐述了现代干旱环境的主要特点与发展趋势。指出干旱环境由来已久，具有继承性与持久性。     

吐鲁番盆地的新构造运动及其表现

本文主要论述了具有叠加性质的吐鲁番中，新生代断隐盆 地中，新构造运动的形迹与地貌显示。指出晚第三纪以来周边山地与盆地底部巨大的断块差异升降运动，乃是深隐盆地形成的关键；盆地中新构造运动形迹十分明显，地貌表现普遍而突出。     

Alteration of the equal settling ratio of fine particles by vertically-oscillating water

An equal settling ratio is an important factor in estimating particle separation accuracy. However, this factor is often calculated using the settling velocity in stationary water, there are no examples of calculation of the equal settling ratio in an actual separator. This is difficult because particle movement in a separator is very complicated, and even simple periodic motions, such as the oscillation field used with many separators, are ignored in many cases. The authors have previously reported on the relation between the equal settling ratio and the oscillation frequency by analysis of particle movement in vertically oscillating water, using spherical particles of glass (average size 435 μm) and zirconia (202 μm) which have the same settling velocity in stationary water. In this study, the influence of particle diameter on the change in the settling velocity in oscillating water was experimentally investigated for three pairs of glass and zirconia particles having different sizes under 0.5 mm, which have the same settling velocity in stationary water. The settling velocities of different-sized particles decreased at different rates in oscillating water, indicating that the equal settling ratio is reduced by water oscillation. We conclude that water oscillation improves the accuracy of size separation for glass particles over 300 μm and zirconia particles over 150 μm when glass and zirconia particles are separated from each other with the difference of these settling velocities.     

Mapping method of rainfall-induced landslide hazards by infiltration and slope stability analysis

Landslides - By utilizing the Green-Ampt infiltration equation and the infinite slope stability model, a method for analyzing shallow slope failures caused by rainfall is developed. With rainfall...     

Mountain ordering: A method for classifying mountains based on their morphometry

A new method for classifying mountain morphology, ‘mountain ordering,’ is proposed, and quantitative expressions for various morphological parameters of two ordered mountains in northern Japan were obtained using this method. Mountain order was defined in terms of the closed contour lines on a topographic map. A set of closed, concentric contour lines defines a first-order mountain. Higher-order mountains can be defined as a set of closed contour lines that contain lower-order mountains and that have only one closed contour line for each elevation; they are identified as m + 1th-order mountains, where m represents the order of the enclosed, lower-order mountains. The geomorphometry for a mountain ordered according to this definition permits the identification of systematic relationships between various morphological parameters. The relationships between mountain order and these morphological parameters follow a form similar to that of Horton's laws, and permit the calculation of the ratios of number, area and height; these parameters are sufficient to express the magnitude of a mountain's dissection. The size–frequency distribution for area and height shows self-similarity for ordered mountains, and determines their fractal dimensions. Furthermore, the relationship between area and height, which has the form of a power function, describes the relief structure of ordered mountains. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3.2 ka BP以来念青唐古拉山东部则普冰川波动与环境变化

基于野外考察和 14C 年代测定, 确定了3.2 ka BP以来念青唐古拉山东部则普冰川的冰进序列.新冰期冰进可明显分为3次: 即大拿[ 14C ( 3 242 ±101)a BP]、大拿顶[ 14C ( 1 920 ±110)～ (1 540 ±85)a BP]和白同[ 14C ( 1 056 ±115)a BP]冰进.新冰期盛时, 则普冰川比现代长6.9 km, 面积大17.10 km2, 雪线降低约157 m, 温度降低1.0～1.9 ℃. 小冰期可分出2次: 即15世纪或16世纪[ 14C (580±130)a BP]和19世纪[ 14C (197±80)a BP, (190±80)a BP]冰进. 小冰期盛时, 则普冰川比现代长2.0 km, 面积大11.16 km2, 雪线降低约100 m, 温度降低0.65～1.23 ℃. 现代则普冰川, 冰面表碛特别发育, 其厚度亦很大, 冰舌末端退缩难以辨认. 但冰川减薄很强烈, 边缘两侧形成2～3道现代侧碛, 并高出现代冰面20～30 m. 对埋藏腐殖质土壤层和木炭碎屑经 14C 年代测定, 结果表明在(720±210)～( 2 010 ±120)a BP间, 波堆藏布流域存在砍伐森林、开垦田地和放牧的人类活动.