论西格陵兰依苏阿（Isua）上壳岩带3800Ma超镁铁质变质岩的成因

根据矿物组合,我们在依苏阿地区鉴别出四种超镁铁质岩石类型:(1)橄榄岩(橄榄石+绿泥石+透闪石±镁铁闪石/直闪石+铬磁铁矿±菱镁矿±白云石±黑云母,或橄榄石+斜方辉石+铝铬尖晶石/含铁铬铁矿+透闪石+绿泥石);(2)绿泥片岩(橄榄石+绿泥石+透闪石+镁铁闪石+铬磁铁矿);(3)滑石-菱镁矿片岩(滑石+菱镁矿±叶蛇纹石+磁铁矿);和(4)蛇纹岩(叶蛇纹石+磁铁矿±滑石±菱镁矿)。不含斜方辉石橄榄岩遍布依苏阿岩带,并记录了变质历史的两个阶段:一个阶段是高至600℃(伴随高X_(co_2))的进化变质作用,类似于由泥质和含铁建造组合所推断的温度条件;另一个阶段是接近450℃较低X_(co_2)条件下形成的以滑石-菱镁矿片岩或蛇纹岩为代表的退化变质作用。含斜方辉石的橄榄岩仅见于一处,作为铝质“束斑板岩”状角闪岩中的透镜体产出。这些岩石记录了变质历史的三个发展阶段:即早期的超过650℃的进化变质作用阶段,斜方辉石和尖晶石形成于这个阶段;随后是在大约560℃伴随有退化绿泥石生成的变质重新平衡阶段;进一步则是退化成滑石-菱镁矿组合阶段。保存在这些橄榄岩中的最早期(高温)热事件证据在依苏阿其它岩石类型中尚未发现。根据化学成分,我们区分出了三类橄榄岩:(1)岩石组A,其Ni>Cr、Al_2O_3低(3～5wt％)、SiO_2/(FeO+MgO)>0.4,具有LaN/YbN可达5、小的Eu负异常及变化范围为1～20倍球粒陨石的平滑分馏的REE特征;(2)岩石组B,具Ni>Cr、更低的Al_2O_3(1wt％)、SiO_2/(FeO+MgO)<0.4,轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集、小的负Eu异常以及数值变化在1～3倍球粒陨石的折线式REE型式;和(3)岩石组C(原文是G,可能为笔误!)(束斑板岩状基质含斜方辉石的角闪岩类),其Cr>Ni、Al_2O_3含量较高(6～8wt％),具低REE丰度值(0.2～1倍球粒陨石),轻稀土<<重稀土和显著的负Eu异常特征。 B组橄榄岩的REE模式与太古代某些科马提岩的REE相似,而A组橄榄岩的REE模式与已报道的交代地慢超镁铁质结核的REE模式类似。但是,在A和B组样品中,具最高SiO_2/FmO的样品也具有最高的轻REE及Zr、Hf、U、Th等的浓度。橄榄石和富含不相容痕量元素的硅质组分之间的混合作用可以解释这种变化。这些特征似乎与依苏阿岩石的晚期蚀变无关,但可以代表变质前蛇纹石化/碳酸盐化作用期间交代元素的再分配。我们选择的解释是,A组和B组橄榄岩可能来源于具科马提岩性质的富橄榄石火成堆积岩的变质蛇纹岩。C组橄榄岩更多代表变质的橄榄石-斜方辉石-铬尖晶石火成堆积岩,该堆积岩来自与之伴生的“束斑板岩”状角闪岩的原始岩浆。依苏阿地区超镁铁质岩中没有一种能代表未被改造的早太古代地幔岩。对超镁铁质岩的变质历史和成因的这些对比存在一些问题。如果含斜方辉石橄揽岩是继高温事件后侵位于依苏阿地区,或这种高温事件的证据对于依苏阿地区的其它所有岩石类型来说均已消失了,那么还有什么能使那些与岩石学观察相矛盾的事实得以一致起来呢。值得庆幸的是,我们发现了那些虽然简单但真实地记录了变质作用初期某些区域性变化的证据。在这两种情况中,我们的研究都为依苏阿地区复杂的多期变质演化提供了附加证据。     

Trace metals in fish and invertebrates of three California coastal Wetlands

Metal concentrations were measured in selected fish and invertebrate species from Mugu Lagoon, Malibu Lagoon and Ballona Wetlands in southern California in order to assess the extent of metal contamination in these three wetlands. Ranges of element concentrations (in microgram/g) found in biota were: Zn 12-650; Cu 1.9-440; Ni < 1-37; Cr < 1-55; Pb < 0.5-6.8; As < 1-8.5; Se < 1-3.8; Cd < 0.2-0.90; and Ag < 0.3-5.9. Relative to previous studies of California biota, the highest metal concentrations found were for chromium and nickel. The highest levels were in one of the two bottom-dwelling fish (juvenile Leptocottus armatus) (55 micrograms/g) and the two water-column fish sampled (Fundulus parvipinnis and Atherinops affinis) (30 and 24 micrograms/g). At Ballona Lagoon, elevated levels of copper and silver were found in the bivalve Tagelus californianus (440 and 5.9 micrograms/g). Chromium and nickel appeared to be most persistent in fish from Mugu (4.6-55 and 2.6-37 micrograms/g), the most northern site and an active military base, and Ballona (< 1-30 and < 1-16 micrograms/g), believed to be the most metal-contaminated site. Compared to previously measured metal concentrations in species of California coastal waters, these regions revealed higher levels of chromium, nickel, silver, arsenic, zinc, copper and, to a lesser extent, cadmium and selenium. Chromium and silver were present at high enough levels at all three sites to be considered environmental health hazards.     

用于评价吸湿性播撒云和降水演变的短波偏振雷达技术

引言近年来,借助于有显著改进的遥感及模拟的方法,天气研究和应用已经取得了很大进展。然而,人工影响天气的研究和应用已经到了需要抉择的重要关头。由于在流域范围内重要区域缺少使人信服的降水增加一致性的证据,这个领域或是将变成不再存在,并且当世界淡水危机是如此的严重以致不能不管时,只能等待未来几代人的努力才能解决,或是将实施战略研究,通过采用新技术进入现代主流来寻找保障继续发展的技术。为了更好地证明作为基础的假设并在应用中提供可能的产品,实施战略研究是很有必要的。然而,直到现在,除了孤立的研究计划以外,还没有涉及到…     

An environmental assessment of the Charleston Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site and surrounding areas after partial completion of the Charleston Harbor Deepening Project

A project to deepen shipping and entrance channels in Charleston Harbor was conducted from 1999 to 2002. This generated approximately 22 million cubic yards of sediment for offshore disposal. Assessments of biological and physical conditions in the Charleston Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site and surrounding areas were conducted prior to deepening (1993-94), and partway through the disposal period (2000). Results from the 2000 survey are presented and compared to the baseline survey. The study area was composed of the disposal zone and surrounding areas and divided into 20 one square mile strata. Within each stratum, benthic grab samples were collected from ten random sites for analysis of sediment composition and contaminants and macrobenthic assemblages. No contaminant levels were above effects range low levels. Results revealed that sediments in the western strata had significantly higher silt/clay content in the 2000 survey when compared to baseline sediments, while sediments east of the disposal zone were similar to baseline. Analyses were performed on a subset of the benthic data that compared baseline to 2000 conditions in western and eastern strata. The benthic communities in western strata were altered following disposal operations. The benthic community east of the disposal area was not different from baseline conditions. These alterations in the benthic community were attributed to changes in bottom habitat characteristics rather than pollution effects.     

测绘空间数据元数据管理系统的设计与实现

本文参考国际标准化组织（ISO/TC211）元数据标准、美国联邦地理数据委员会（FGDC）的CSDGM以及中国可持续发展信息共享元数据标准，描述了测绘空间数据的元数据标准与测绘空间数据元数据管理系统的设计思想。     

高钢级绳索取心钻杆管材残余应力的初步研究

有观点认为管材的残余应力是绳索取心钻杆非正常损坏的诱因之一。据此采用环切法对不同热处理和矫直工艺的冷拔绳索取心管材制造过程中的残余应力进行了检测比对,认为冷拔管材制造环节产生的残余应力是存在的,也是可控的。只要制造工艺措施得当,可以将高钢级合金管材的残余应力控制在可接受范围内;合格管材出厂时存在较高残余应力造成的钻杆折断等事故较为罕见。应从管材制造、钻杆加工、现场使用等方面入手,努力降低钻杆断裂事故。     

干、湿环境下中尺度对流系统发生的环流背景和地面特征分析

对2007～2010 年暖季(6～9 月)发生在江淮和黄淮流域46 个对流天气过程的环流背景和地面特征进行了统计研究。根据整层可降水量小于或大于等于50 mm 将这些个例发生的环境分成干环境(10 个个例)和湿环境(36 个个例)。干环境下发生强对流的天气形势可以分为槽后型和副高边缘型,湿环境下的天气形势可分为槽前型、副高边缘型和槽后型,湿环境下有明显的暖湿区配合。湿环境下槽前型发生的概率最高,地面系统较为复杂,有静止锋、倒槽、冷锋和暖锋,而干环境下在本研究的个例中无槽前型发生。干、湿环境下副高边缘型的对流,从地面到500 hPa 都发生在副高后部的“S”流型的拐弯处,但部分湿环境个例低层有切变线。干环境下槽后型的发生概率较高,而湿环境下发生概率则相对较少。由这些研究表明,干、湿环境下强对流系统的触发和维持机制存在明显的差异。