1960—2020年千岛湖流域蒸散发演变特征及驱动因素解析

为探究淡水湖库及其所属流域蒸散发演变特征,以及气象因子对蒸散发的影响规律。以长三角地区最大的淡水人工湖和重要的水源地——千岛湖为研究对象,采用Penman-Monteith等方法与WEP-L分布式水文模型,分别计算千岛湖流域1960—2020年潜在蒸散发(ET₀)与实际蒸散发(ET_a),分析二者年际变化趋势及突变年份;采用偏微分方法分析气象因子对ET₀的敏感性和贡献度;采用归因分析法分析突变前后气象因子对ET_a变化的贡献度,并利用蒸发表面水分指数(E_M1)解析流域蒸发互补关系。结果表明:ET₀与ET_a多年平均值分别为1021.7和857.5 mm,整体皆呈减少趋势,倾向率分别为-0.77和-1.03 mm/a,二者均在1980和2000年左右发生突变;ET₀对相对湿度变化最为敏感,ET₀增加的月份主要是由于相对湿度、平均气温的正贡献,风速呈负贡献但相对较小,ET₀减少的...     

土地分离与共享框架的研究现状及应用拓展

“土地分离”与“土地共享”是2种不同的土地利用思维方式,反映人类土地利用的决策选择。中国有大量包含土地分离和共享思维的实践,但缺乏将这些实践案例纳入统一体系的研究范式。土地分离与共享框架最初用来探索粮食生产与生物多样性保护的权衡关系。经过10多年的发展,其理论内涵和研究内容不断丰富,是地理资源与环境领域重要的研究议题。论文在解析土地分离与共享框架内涵的基础上,综述土地分离与共享框架的相关研究成果,探讨土地分离与土地共享的策略选择。研究发现土地分离与共享相关研究存在从农业环境主题向城市管理主题转化的趋势,而且除了强调单一生物多样性保护和农业生产外,还有少数研究开始关注碳储存、土壤保持等其他生态系统服务类型;尽管土地分离与土地共享策略各有其优势和局限,但在目前的研究和实践中,土地分离比土地共享更受青睐。论文基于土地的多功能性进一步扩展该框架在城市用地管理中的应用,可为复杂社会—生态系统可持续发展提供路径指导。     

砾石长期覆盖对土壤呼吸的影响

砾石覆盖是西北黄土高原地区的传统保护性耕作技术,具有明显的蓄水、保墒、增温、压碱和保持地力作用。研究砾石覆盖农田系统中的土壤呼吸,有助于了解地面覆盖条件对CO₂通量的影响和土壤健康状况。利用LI6400土壤呼吸系统对甘肃皋兰长期砾石覆盖农田(12年)不同覆盖厚度下的土壤呼吸进行了原位监测,并对环境因子与土壤呼吸的日变化相关性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)土壤呼吸的日变化与温度的变化一致,呈单峰型,砾石覆盖后土壤呼吸峰值出现在16:00—17:00,明显滞后于裸地出现的峰值时间(14:00—15:00),且峰值随着覆盖厚度的增加而减小;(2)土壤表层(0~10 cm)温度与土壤呼吸呈极显著幂函数关系(P<0.01),砾石覆盖降低了土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数(Q₁₀),覆盖后两次监测中Q₁₀为1.78~2.87(2017年)和1.70~1.96(2018年);(3)砾石覆盖后提高了夜间土壤呼吸,导致土壤呼吸的日累积碳排放量显著提高,随着覆盖厚度的增加而降低,覆盖处理中厚度为11 cm最小的碳排放量两次测量分别为2.00 g·m^-2和0.90 g·m^-2,比裸地分别增加了15%和18%;(4)土壤特征因子中,土壤水分、pH与土壤呼吸累积碳排放量呈正相关,有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、电导率与土壤呼吸累积碳排放量呈负相关。     

强流脉冲电子束作用下金属纯Cu的微观结构状态——空位簇缺陷及表面微孔结构

利用强流脉冲(HCPEB)电子束技术对多晶纯Cu进行了辐照处理,并利用透射电镜对HCPEB诱发的空位簇缺陷进行了表征.实验结果表明,HCPEP辐照金属可在纯Cu表层诱发大量的过饱和空位,并形成四方形空位胞及空位型位错圈和堆垛层错四面体(SFT),HCPEB瞬间的加热和冷却诱发的幅值极大的应力和极高的应变导致的整个原子平面的位移是空位簇缺陷形成的主要原因.此外,扫描电镜分析表明HCPEB辐照可以在纯Cu表面形成高密度、弥散分布和尺寸细小的微孔.过饱和空位或空位团簇沿晶体缺陷向表面扩散、凝聚是表面微孔形成的根     

深水钻井液研究与评价模拟实验装置

分析了我国深水钻井的现状和未来发展趋势,调研分析了深水钻井所面临的困难和深水钻井液必须具备的基本性能。在理论推导并结合实践的基础上,研制了深水低温钻井液基本性能模拟实验装置、深水钻井液水合物生成与抑制评价实验装置以及深水钻井液循环与井壁稳定模拟实验装置等,并对模拟装置的实验可行性和平行性进行了验证。实验结果表明,新研制模拟实验装置控制精度较高、实验平行性较好,能够满足深水钻井液性能测定与评价的基本要求,为我国深水钻井液技术研究奠定了一定的室内实验研究基础。     

Growth of new designated cities in China

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植物生长调节剂对绿色巴夫藻生长的影响

研究了二种植物生长调节剂对绿色巴夫藻 ( Pavlova viridis)的生长、叶绿素含量和干重的影响。结果表明 ,在试验浓度范围内 ,2 ,4— D对绿色巴夫藻生长的影响在培养早期比后期明显 ,最适浓度为 0 .1 m g/L ;6-BA质量浓度≥ 1 mg/L时对绿色巴夫藻有致死作用 ,质量浓度为 0 .1～ 0 .8mg/L时 ,对绿色巴夫藻的生长有促进作用 ,促进生长的最适质量浓度为 0 .5mg/L。在一定浓度范围内 ,二种植物生长调节剂都可促进绿色巴夫藻的生长 ,提高叶绿素含量 ,增加试验藻的干重。     

Empirical relationship between sea surface temperature and water vapor: Improvement of the physical model with remote sensing derived data

We have improved the previous model quantifying the bulk relationship between two key geophysical parameters, sea surface temperature (SST) and water vapor (WV) based on 14-year accumulated datasets. This improvement is achieved by the modification of the physical model derived by Stephens in 1990 and Gaffen et al. in 1992. With this improved model, we estimated WV between 2002 and 2004 using historical SST measurements. The estimated WV was compared with those derived from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) observation and National Centers for Environmental Predictions (NCEP) reanalysis. Discrepancies of −1.16 mm and 3.19 mm with TMI-and NCEP-derived WV were obtained, respectively, suggesting a reliable retrieval of WV using the improved model. The improved model can potentially be used to calibrate and validate the WV measurements from other observations or model reanalyses, given that the accurate measurement of WV over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales has been a challenging task hitherto. Due to the limited time span of the current data, the temporal variation of WV in parts of the tropical oceans is not captured in this improved model, which we should study further with additional accumulation of SST and WV datasets in the future.     

Zonal versus meridional velocity variance in satellite observations and realistic and idealized ocean circulation models

Global, high-quality, satellite-based observation of oceanic currents over the past 13 years has revealed ubiquitous quasi-horizontal eddies in the mesoscale (tens to hundreds of kilometers), confirming the view of a highly turbulent ocean suggested by observational programs in the 1970s. Idealized quasigeostrophic turbulence models suggest mesoscale turbulent flow can vary between isotropic, and highly anisotropic zonal jets. Here we compare the zonal and meridional velocity variance from satellite altimetry. We find that, for an unexplained reason and despite the chaotic nature of turbulence, the surface flow is organized into mesoscale patches where either zonal or meridional velocity variance dominates. The patches persist over 13 years, much longer than the turbulent timescale of a few months. Implications include potentially highly anisotropic redistribution of tracers by the mesoscale flow. Zonally averaged velocity variances reveal a slight preference for meridional over zonal velocity variance. Realistic primitive equation models succeed in reproducing both the patchy structure in local preference for either zonal or meridional velocity variance, and the zonally averaged preference for meridional variance. Idealized models of fully developed, quasigeostrophic turbulence fail in both regards.     

Food intake rate and delivery strategy in aquaculture

In aquaculture, it is important to estimate in advance how much food cultured animals would take. The rate of food consumption by cultured animals to available food amount is defined as the food intake rate （FIR） in this paper. To some extents, FIR reflects the quality of food, the health of cultured animals and the delivery efficiency. In practice, it is difficult to estimate in advance the accurate quantity of food that cultured animal needs. Usually, food is provided more than the need by animals, causing excess food that may pollute water and environment. Our experiments in past years show that FIR at 80% is recommended.