Effects of shrub on runoff and soil loss at loess slopes under simulated rainfall

Improved understanding of the effect of shrub cover on soil erosion process will provide valuable information for soil and water conservation programs.Laboratory rainfall simulations were conducted to determine the effects of shrubs on runoff and soil erosion and to ascertain the relationship between the rate of soil loss and the runoff hydrodynamic characteristics.In these simulations a 20° slope was subjected to rainfall intensities of 45,87,and 127 mm/h.The average runoff rates ranged from 0.51 to 1.26 mm/min for bare soil plots and 0.15 to 0.96 mm/min for shrub plots.Average soil loss rates varied from 44.19 to 114.61 g/(min·m~2) for bare soil plots and from 5.61 to 84.58 g/(min·m~2) for shrub plots.There was a positive correlation between runoff and soil loss for the bare soil plots,and soil loss increased with increased runoff for shrub plots only when rainfall intensity is 127 mm/h.Runoff and soil erosion processes were strongly influenced by soil surface conditions because of the formation of erosion pits and rills.The unit stream power was the optimal hydrodynamic parameter to characterize the soil erosion mechanisms.The soil loss rate increased linearly with the unit stream power on both shrub and bare soil plots.Critical unit stream power values were 0.004 m/s for bare soil plots and 0.017 m/s for shrub plots.     

CO2 flux of soil respiration in natural recovering karst abandoned farmland in Southwest China

Acta Geochimica - To estimate carbon sequestration potential in the karst area, soil respiration in a natural recovering karst abandoned farmland in Shawan, Puding, Guizhou, southwest China was...     

A buried submarine canyon in the northwest South China Sea:architecture,development processes and implications for hydrocarbon exploration

High-resolution multichannel seismic data enables the discovery of a previous, undocumented submarine canyon(Huaguang Canyon) in the Qiongdongnan Basin, northwest South China Sea. The Huaguang Canyon with a NW orientation is 140 km in length, and 2.5 km to 5 km in width in its upper reach and 4.6 km to 9.5 km in width in its lower reach. The head of the Huaguang Canyon is close to the Xisha carbonate platform and its tail is adjacent to the central canyon. This buried submarine canyon is formed by gravity flows from the Xisha carbonate platform when the sea level dropped in the early stage of the late Miocene(～10.5 Ma). The internal architecture of the Huaguang Canyon is mainly characterized by high amplitude reflections, indicating that this ancient submarine canyon was filled with coarse-grained sediments. The sediment was principally scourced from the Xisha carbonate platform. In contrast to other buried large-scale submarine canyons(central canyon and Zhongjian Canyon) in the Qiongdongnan Basin, the Huaguang Canyon displays later formation time, smaller width and length, and single sediment supply. The coarse-grained deposits within Huaguang Canyon provide a good environment for reserving oil and gas, and the muddy fillings in Huaguang Canyon have been identified as regional caps. Therefore, Huaguang Canyon is potential area for future hydrocarbon exploration in the northwest South China Sea. Our results may contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of submarine canyons formed in carbonate environment.     

Monitoring temporal variations in instrument responses in regional broadband seismic network using ambient seismic noise

High‐quality broadband data are required to promote the development of seismology research. Instrument response errors that affect data quality are often difficult to detect from visual waveform inspection alone. Here, we propose a method that uses ambient noise data in the period range of 5?25 s to monitor instrument performance and check data quality in situ. Amplitude information of coda waves and travel time of surface waves extracted from cross‐correlations of ambient noise are used to assess temporal variations in the sensitivity and poles–zeros of instrument responses. The method is based on an analysis of amplitude and phase index parameters calculated from pairwise cross‐correlations of three stations, which provides multiple references for reliable error estimates. Index parameters calculated daily during a two‐year observation period are evaluated to identify stations with instrument response errors in real time. During data processing, initial instrument responses are used in place of available instrument responses to simulate instrument response errors, which are then used to verify our results. The coda waves of noise cross‐correlations help mitigate the effects of a non‐isotropic field and make the amplitude measurements quite stable. Additionally, effects of instrument response errors that experience pole–zero variations on monitoring temporal variations in crustal properties appear statistically significant of velocity perturbation and larger than the standard deviation. Monitoring seismic instrument performance helps eliminate data pollution before analysis begins.     

Discussion on Nonlinear Behaviors in Reservoir Flood Routing Modeling and Derived Uncertainties

Water Resources - In existing studies, external factors, such as hydrologic, hydraulic, and decision-making uncertainties, have been widely recognized as major risk source in reservoir flood...     

The impact of natural vegetation restoration on surface soil moisture of secondary forests and shrubs in the karst region of southwest China

Soil moisture is crucial to vegetation restoration in karst areas, and climate factors and vegetation restoration are key factors affecting changes in soil moisture. However, there is still much controversy over the long-term changes in soil moisture during vegetation restoration. In order to reveal the changes in soil moisture during vegetation restoration, we conducted long-term positioning monitoring of soil moisture at 0–10 and 10–20 cm on secondary forests sample plot (SF, tree land) and shrubs sample plot (SH, shrub land) in karst areas from 2013 to 2020. The results showed that the aboveground biomass of SF and SH increased by 50% and 240%, respectively, and the soil moisture of the SF and SH showed an increasing trend. When shrubs are restored to trees in karst areas, the soil moisture becomes more stable. However, the correlation coefficients (R²) between the annual rainfall and the annual average soil moisture of SF and SH are 0.84 and 0.55, respectively, indicating that soil moistures in tree land are more affected by rainfall. The soil moisture of shrubs and trees are relatively low during the months of alternating rainy and dry seasons. Rainfall has a very significant impact on the soil moisture of tree land, while air temperature and wind speed have a significant impact on the soil moisture of tree land, but the soil moistures of shrub land are very significantly affected by rainfall and relative humidity. Therefore, during the process of vegetation restoration from shrubs to trees, the main meteorological factors that affect soil moisture changes will change. The results are important for understanding the hydrological processes in the ecological restoration process of different vegetation types in karst areas.     

2018年威宁县茶山区域自动站雨量空间一致性检查分析

该文对2018年威宁县区域自动站雨量空间一致性进行分析,通过全年降水时空分布规律分析得出降水时空分布合理,通过分析发现茶山区域自动站全年雨量数据明显偏低,总结了区域自动站雨量数据异常的4种原因,进而对区域自动站的日常维护及汛前专项检查提供一些建议。     

天津近海小型底栖动物丰度研究

2006年7月至2007年10月在渤海湾天津近海的15个站位,分春、夏、秋、冬4个航次进行了小型底栖动物丰度的调查.通过对未受扰动沉积物样品中的生物分析,共采集到线虫、桡足类、多毛类、介形类、寡毛类、双壳类、动吻类等小型底栖动物类群和少量未鉴定实体,其中线虫为优势类群,占总丰度的90%以上.调查海域小型底栖动物丰度春、夏、秋、冬依次为(405.4±154.8)ind/10cm2,(417.6±38.6)imd/10 cm2,(161.6±64.5)ind/10cm2和204.7±69.7ind/10 cm2,区内的分布以中部海域居多.小型底栖动物丰度值存在季节变化,春季和夏季平均丰度值较高,夏季略高于春季;秋冬季值偏低.小型底柄动物多分布于沉积物0～5 cm层次,占总量的85.9%～92.9%.春季和秋季的小型底栖动物丰度值与沉积物叶绿素a含量显著相关.与我国近海海域研究资料比较显示,目前渤海湾天津近海小型底栖动物丰度值略低.     

初论陆-陆碰撞与成矿作用——以青藏高原造山带为例

青藏高原碰撞造山带以其成矿规模大、形成时代新、矿床类型多、保存条件好诸特征而被誉为研究大陆成矿作用的天然实验室。文章基于青藏高原已有的矿产勘查与研究成果,概述了大陆碰撞过程中的主要成矿作用及其成矿带的时空分布,初步分析了陆一陆碰撞所造就的成矿背景和成矿环境以及控制成矿作用的关键地质过程．并草拟了可供今后研究的工作模型。初步研究认为,始于60Ma的印度大陆与亚洲大陆碰撞至少形成了3个重要的控矿构造单元,即雅鲁藏布江以北的主碰撞变形带,雅鲁藏布江以南的藏南拆离-逆冲带和高原东缘的藏东构造转换带。主碰撞变形带以巨大规模的地壳缩短、双倍地壳加厚、大规模逆冲系和SN向正断层系统发育为特征,控制了冈底斯斑岩铜矿带(含浅成低温热液金矿)、安多锑矿化带和风火山铜矿化带及腾冲锡矿带的形成及分布;藏南拆离一逆冲带由藏南拆离系(STDS6)和一系列北倾的叠瓦状逆冲断裂带构成,控制了藏南变质核杂岩型金矿化、热液脉型金锑矿化和蚀变破碎带型金锑矿化的形成;藏东构造转换带以发育大规模走滑断裂系统、大型剪切带、富碱斑岩带和走滑拉分盆地为特征,控制了玉龙斑岩铜矿带、哀牢山和锦屏山金矿带及兰坪盆地银多金属矿带的分布。按成矿系统的基本思想,初步将青藏高原碰撞造山带的成矿作用划分为3个成矿巨系统：大陆俯冲碰撞成矿巨系统、陆内走滑一剪切成矿巨系统和碰撞后伸展成矿巨系统。在大陆俯冲碰撞阶段,主要发育与流体迁移汇聚和排泄有关的锑金铜热液成矿系统和碰撞期花岗岩岩浆．流体锡稀有金属成矿系统;伴随陆．陆碰撞而发生的陆内走滑．剪切作用,主要导致了走滑拉分盆地银多金属热液成矿系统、斑岩型铜钼金成矿系统和剪切带型金成矿系统的形成;在碰撞后伸展阶段,主要发育受SN向正断层系统控制的斑岩铜矿成矿系统、浅成低温热液金矿成矿系统和热水沉积铯锂硼金属成矿系统。在此基础上,初步提出了碰撞造山带成矿作用的构造控制模型。