多级测评工程及其数学模型

本文根据定性和定量相结合的原理,运用模糊集合理论和统计分析方法,建立了一种模糊和精确相结合的测评工程的系统结构及其数学模型。通过测评实践,证明这一系统结构及其数学模型能正确反映客观实际,且效果显著,计算简捷。     

绿洲与沙漠地带疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia.)光合生理特征的适应差异

光系统Ⅱ的电子传递、生物量积累和形态变化三个方面对比研究了新疆石河子地区绿洲和沙漠生境下疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.)光合生理特征的适应特点,发现两地Pn(净光合速率)特征值表现出清晨高,午后低的节律变化。沙漠生境下疏叶骆驼刺具有光饱合点高、蒸腾速率低和高水分利用率的特点,而绿洲生境下疏叶骆驼刺则通过较高的蒸腾速率来维持其高的光合速率,表现出高蒸腾、高光合的特点。二个样点Pn都与gs,WUE相关显著,而受Fv/Fm和水势变化的影响较小。认为疏叶骆驼刺对新疆沙漠和绿洲二种生境具有良好的环境适应性,并形成了不同的光合生理的适应特点;沙漠环境虽然不利于种群繁殖,但不影响疏叶骆驼刺的个体生长。     

Human Impact Since Medieval Times and Recent Ecological Restorationin a Mediterranean Lake: The Laguna Zoñar, Southern Spain

The multidisciplinary study of sediment cores from Laguna Zoñar (37°29′00′′ N, 4°41′22′′ W, 300 m a.s.l., Andalucía, Spain) provides a detailed record of environmental, climatic and anthropogenic changes in a Mediterranean watershed since Medieval times, and an opportunity to evaluate the lake restoration policies during the last decades. The paleohydrological reconstructions show fluctuating lake levels since the end of the Medieval Warm Period (ca. AD 1300) till the late 19th century and a more acute dry period during the late 19th century – early 20th century, after the end of the Little Ice Age. Human activities have played a significant role in Laguna Zoñar hydrological changes since the late 19th century, when the outlet was drained, and particularly in the mid-20th century (till 1982) when the spring waters feeding the lake were diverted for human use. Two main periods of increased human activities in the watershed are recorded in the sediments. The first started with the Christian conquest and colonization of the Guadalquivir River Valley (13th century) particularly after the fall of the Granada Kingdom (15th century). The second one corresponds to the late 19th century when more land was dedicated to olive cultivation. Intensification of soil erosion occurred in the mid-20th century, after the introduction of farm machinery. The lake was declared a protected area in the early 1980s, when some agricultural practices were restricted, and conservation measures implemented. As a consequence, the lake level increased, and some littoral zones were submerged. Pollen indicators reflect this limnological change during the last few decades. Geochemical indicators show a relative decrease in soil erosion, but not changes in the amount of chemical fertilizers reaching the lake. This study provides an opportunity to evaluate the relative significance of human vs. climatic factors in lake hydrology and watershed changes during historical times. Paleolimnological reconstructions should be taken into account by natural resources agencies to better define lake management policies, and to assess the results of restoration policies.     

On the relationship between the eddy covariance,the turbulent flux,and surface exchange for a trace gas such as CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

In the context of CO₂ surface exchange estimation, an analysis combining the basic principles of diffusion and scalar conservation shows that the mixing ratio is the appropriate variable both for defining the (eddy covariance) turbulent flux and also for expressing the relationship between the turbulent flux and surface exchange in boundary-layer budget equations. Other scalar intensity variables sometimes chosen, both the CO₂ density and molar fraction, are susceptible to the influence of surface exchange of heat and water vapour. The application of a hypsometric analysis to the boundary-layer “control volume” below the tower measurement height reveals flaws in previously applied approaches: (a) incompressibility cannot be assumed to simplify mass conservation (the budget in terms of CO₂ density); (b) compressibility alone makes the analysis of mass conservation vulnerable to uncertainties associated with resultant non-zero vertical velocities too small to measure or model over real terrain; and (c) the WPL (Webb et al. (1980) Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 106:85–100) “zero dry air flux” assumption is invalidated except at the surface boundary. Nevertheless, the definition and removal of the WPL terms do not hinge upon this last assumption, and so the turbulent CO₂ flux can be accurately determined by eddy covariance using gas analysers of either open- or closed-path design. An appendix discusses the necessary assumptions and appropriate interpretations for deriving the WPL terms.     

2014年8月伊犁河谷一次持续降水过程分析

采用常规观测资料、NCEP逐6小时1。×1。再分析资料、FY-2D云图资料,对2014年8月16日至19日伊犁持续降水过程进行天气动力学分析。结果表明：持续降水发生在100hpa南亚高压呈典型的双体型、500hpa伊朗副高-中亚低值系统-贝加尔湖阻滞脊稳定维持的环流背景下,中亚低槽前的偏南气流将阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾的水汽通过接力输送机制输送到伊犁。200hpa强盛的西南急流、低层辐合、高层辐散抽吸的散度场、上升运动区与正涡度区叠加的动力结构利于持续降水的形成。降水明显时段,800 hPa以下受负湿位涡控制,有条件性对称不稳定。强降水时段的云顶亮温TBB最低值在-48℃左右。持续降水导致伊宁市8月降水量（45.8mm）突破1952年以来的同期历史极值。     

加卸载响应比在震群研究中的应用

在震群特性研究中引入加卸载响应比理论,选以新疆８２个震群为研究样本,以加卸载响应比≥２．０作为判定前兆震群的指标,对样本的震群特性进行了分析判定。结果表明,判定前兆震群的２６个震群中有２０个对应了其后一年内发生的５级以上地震,异常报率为７６．９％。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STDUY OF HAIL CLOUDPART Ⅱ.MECHANISM OF HALL FORMATION AND HAIL SUPPRESSION WITH SEEDING

A detailed 3-D hail cloud numerical model and parameterization of mierophysieal processeswere described in Part Ⅰ(Hong 1999)of this study.In this part,a hail cloud occurring in Xunyiarea.Shaanxi Province on July 8,1997 is simulated by the model to analyze mechanisms of hailformation and hail suppression with seeding.The results show that 97% of hail embryos are frozendrops.The seeding experiments with AgI in terms of heights show that if the seeding is madebefore hail formation,the optimum seeding position is located in the maximum updraft area and itscenter,i.e.,AgI is seeded in the zone with high water content to be coordinated with maximumzone of the updraft.The seeding makes concentrations of graupel and frozen drop increase andtheir average mass or size decrease,so that the proportion of conversion from graupel and frozendrop into hail descends greatly,and the mass and concentration of hailstone are decreased toachieve our purpose for hail suppression.     

蒙脱石等粘土矿物对重金属离子吸附选择性的实验研究

矿物质与重金属离子间的相互作用已是当今环境科学、矿物学,土壤化学等学科领域研究的热点。通过蒙脱石,伊利石和高龄石在一定的介质条件下对Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｃｒ＾３＋五种重金属离子的竞争吸附实验研究,阐明了三种粘土矿物对五种重金属离子的吸附选择性。     

土地管理信息化与地理信息系统的应用

从土地信息数据的采集、土地信息的四维数据、以及土地信息数据的处理和数据的共享几个方面探讨了目前GIS在土地管理信息化方面的应用,并对GIS在土地信息化方面的进一步发展及待研究的问题进行了分析。     

Numerical modelling of railway ballast at the particle scale

The paper describes the development of a technique to simulate triaxial tests on specimens of railway ballast numerically at the particle scale and its validation with reference to physical test data. The ballast particles were modelled using potential particles and the well‐known discrete element method. The shapes of these elemental particles, the particle size distribution and the number of particles (N = 2800) in each numerical triaxial specimen all matched closely to the real ballast material being modelled. Confining pressures were applied to the specimen via a dynamic triangulation of the outer particle centroids. A parametric study was carried out to investigate the effects on the simulation of timestep, strain rate, damping, contact stiffness and inter‐particle friction. Finally, a set of parameters was selected that provided the best fit to experimental triaxial data, with very close agreement of mobilized friction and volumetric strain behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.