VENTILATION OF THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN: WATER EXCHANGE BETWEEN SUBTROPICAL AND TROPICAL GYRES

INTRODUCTIONIntheearly 1 980 s,ventilationtheoryemergedtopredictthehorizontalandverticalstructureofthethermocline.Thereweretwodifferentviewsonthestratifiedoceans.Thefirsttheory (RhinesandYoung,1 982 ,hereafterRY ;YoungandRhines,1 982 )proposedanunventilatedmodelinwhichonlytheuppermostlayerisexposedtothesurfaceandisforcedbythewindstress.Thesecondtheory (Luytenetal.,1 983 ,hereafterLPS)offeredaventilatedmodelwhichisclosertotheclassicalthermoclinetheoriesthanthatofthefirstone (e.g .,Nee…     

Remote sensing of coral reefs and their physical environment

There has been a vast improvement in access to remotely sensed data in just a few recent years. This revolution of information is the result of heavy investment in new technology by governments and industry, rapid developments in computing power and storage, and easy dissemination of data over the internet. Today, remotely sensed data are available to virtually anyone with a desktop computer. Here, we review the status of one of the most popular areas of marine remote sensing research: coral reefs. Previous reviews have focused on the ability of remote sensing to map the structure and habitat composition of coral reefs, but have neglected to consider the physical environment in which reefs occur. We provide a holistic review of what can, might, and cannot be mapped using remote sensing at this time. We cover aspects of reef structure and health but also discuss the diversity of physical environmental data such as temperature, winds, solar radiation and water quality. There have been numerous recent advances in the remote sensing of reefs and we hope that this paper enhances awareness of the diverse data sources available, and helps practitioners identify realistic objectives for remote sensing in coral reef areas.     

Toxicity assessments of nanoscale zerovalent iron and its oxidation products in medaka (Oryzias latipes) fish

Iron-based nanotechnologies are increasingly used for environmental remediation; however, toxicologic impacts of iron nanoparticles on the aquatic ecosystem remain poorly understood. We treated larvae of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) with thoroughly characterized solutions containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-stabilized nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI), aged nanoscale iron oxides (nFe-oxides) or ferrous ion (Fe[II]) for 12-14 days' aqueous exposure to assess the causal toxic effect(s) of iron NPs on the fish. With the CMC-nZVI solution, the dissolved oxygen level decreased, and a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was generated as Fe(II) oxidized to ferric ion (Fe[III]); with the other two iron solutions, these parameters did not significantly change. CMC-nZVI and Fe(II) solutions caused acute lethally and sublethally toxic effects in medaka larvae, with nFe-oxide-containing solutions causing the least toxic effects. We discuss modes of toxic action of iron NPs and chronic toxic effects in terms of hypoxia, Fe(II) toxicity and ROS-mediated oxidative damage.     

Distribution and accumulation of organotin species in seawater, sediments and organisms collected from a Taiwan mariculture area

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the distribution and accumulation of tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) in seawater, sediments and selected organisms from a cage mariculture area in southern Taiwan, Hsiao Liouchiou Island. Our results show that ΣOTs were found in concentrations as high as 196 ng/L in seawater collected from the sites in Pai-Sa harbor, and up 1040 ng/g dry wt. in sediments dredged from sites within Da-Fu harbor. Also, ΣOTs concentrations of 859 ng/g dry wt. were observed in the liver of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) from mariculture cages. As most published studies have focused on the acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of organotins in mussels, the effects of organotins on cobia and other marine fauna are still poorly understood. This study highlights the significance of ΣBTs accumulation in cobia, as well as in the sediments and seawater surrounding their culture facilities.     

Environmental response to sewage treatment strategies: Hong Kong's experience in long term water quality monitoring

In many coastal cities around the world, marine outfalls are used for disposal of partially treated wastewater effluent. The combined use of land-based treatment and marine discharge can be a cost-effective and environmentally acceptable sewage strategy. Before 2001, screened sewage was discharged into Victoria Harbour through many small outfalls. After 2001, the Hong Kong Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS) was implemented to improve the water quality in Victoria Harbour and surrounding waters. Stage I of HATS involved the construction of a 24 km long deep tunnel sewerage system to collect sewage from the densely populated urban areas of Hong Kong to a centralized sewage treatment plant at Stonecutters Island. A sewage flow of 1.4 million m³ d⁻¹ receives Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) followed by discharge via a 1.2 km long outfall 2 km west of the harbor. The ecosystem recovery in Victoria Harbour and the environmental response to sewage abatement after the implementation of HATS was studied using a 21-year data set from long term monthly water quality monitoring. Overall, the pollution control scheme has achieved the intended objectives. The sewage abatement has resulted in improved water quality in terms of a significant reduction in nutrients and an increase in bottom DO levels. Furthermore, due to the efficient tidal mixing and flushing, the impact of the HATS discharge on water quality in the vicinity of the outfall location is relatively limited. However, Chl a concentrations have not been reduced in Victoria Harbour where algal growth is limited by hydrodynamic mixing and water clarity rather than nutrient concentrations. Phosphorus removal in the summer is suggested to reduce the risk of algal blooms in the more weakly-flushed and stratified southern waters, while nutrient removal is less important in other seasons due to the pronounced role played by hydrodynamic mixing. The need for disinfection of the effluent to reduce bacterial (E. coli) concentrations to acceptable levels is also confirmed and has recently been implemented.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界低幅度隆起构造成因类型及其对油气分布的控制作用

以往鄂尔多斯盆地中生界油气勘探主要强调在烃源岩范围之内寻找主砂带,很少注意构造对油藏的控制作用,但近年来,在鄂尔多斯盆地内部却发现了不少受低幅度隆起构造控制的油气藏。利用最新地震勘探与钻井资料,在大量野外露头调查、钻井岩心观察及地震剖面解释的基础上,对鄂尔多斯盆地中生界低幅度构造空间分布、形成机制及其与油气成藏的关系进行了深入分析。研究结果表明:(1)鄂尔多斯盆地天环坳陷东、西斜坡均存在大量有规律分布的低幅度隆起构造,其中延长组内沿近东西向、成排展布的大型低幅度鼻状隆起构造主要受基底古突起控制,而延长组与延安组内的局部隆起构造主要受断层相关褶皱、差异压实及复合成因等多重作用控制;(2)低幅度构造对天环坳陷东、西斜坡中生界油气成藏均有影响,其中大型低幅度鼻状隆起构造为油气大面积聚集提供了构造背景,因而其附近的局部隆起构造及非构造圈闭均是油气聚集成藏的有利部位。     

浙江北部海域大型底栖动物优势种的时空分布

本研究根据2012—2016年8月浙江北部海域大型底栖动物的调查资料,对浙江北部海域4个区域(杭州湾、舟山海域、象山海域和近海区域)的大型底栖动物优势种的时空变化进行了研究。结果表明,5个航次大型底栖动物优势种有29种(优势度0.02),其中多毛类动物13种,软体动物7种,甲壳动物2种,鱼类2种,纽形动物2种,棘皮动物2种以及刺胞动物1种。对浙江北部海域大型底栖动物优势种的时空分布进行分析,结果表明:杭州湾优势种种类最少,时空分布变化明显;近海优势种组成较复杂,包含甲壳动物、软体动物、多毛类动物、鱼类、棘皮动物和纽形动物;象山海域的优势种组成较简单,优势种以多毛类动物为主;舟山海域的优势种中多毛类动物种类数逐年增加。对研究区域大型底栖动物优势种的变化趋势进行分析,浙江北部海域大型底栖动物优势种中多毛类动物明显增加,取代该海域软体动物优势地位。大型底栖动物优势种的时空分布变化与有机质积累、底质环境改变以及食物网变化密切相关,浙江北部海域的生态环境状况在不断恶化。     

吉林四平市山门银矿床地质特征及找矿标志

山门银矿床位于大黑山断隆南部,为浅成低温热液银矿床.通过对矿床地质特征、地球物理特征、矿石类型、成矿期次、流体包裹体及稳定同位素地球化学特征的研究,确定该矿床的找矿标志为北北东向张性断裂,硅化,Ag、Au、Pb、Zn为主的土壤化学异常,低电阻率异常.成矿温度为低温,低盐度,成矿流体为以大气降水为主.该标志对于在大黑山条垒一带寻找同类矿床具有一定的指导意义.根据以上标志,划分出3个成矿远景区.     

为掌握提高抗震能力应开展防灾教育

引言防灾教育与其他教育科学不同,是具有在灾害中保护社会这一明确目的的教育科学,是一种以解决社会赋予它的有关课题为目的方向的解决问题型的教育。这种教育因学科界限条件的不同,答案也各异,课桌上的学习是有限的,正确的答案也不是唯一的,思考能力最为重要,在这方面与环境教