On the dynamics of photochemical smog over the Swiss Middleland — Results of the first POLLUMET field experiment

Summary The Swiss Middleland is a 300×50 km large plain embedded between the Jura, whose highest elevations are between 1000 and 2000m MSL, and the Alps, whose highest peaks are about 400m MSL. Because this plain is the main residence area of Switzerland with a great variety of emission sources, it is also a location with high photosmog concentrations during the summer months.Within the framework of the Swiss POLLUMET (Air Pollution and Meteorology) programme, an initial summer smog field experiment was carried out during July 1990 with the participation of different research groups from Switzerland and Germany. The measurements showed that the ozone concentrations within the atmospheric boundary layer were remarkably variable. The highest concentrations in the upper mixed layer varied between 100 and 130 ppb. The background ozone concentration in the upper atmospheric boundary layer increased from day to day. However, a clear indication of long-range transport could not be found. Remarkable local and regional concentration differences are not only based on the complex structure of the large emission sources (highways, urban plumes). They are also the result of the interaction of convectively driven motion systems like slope and valley winds and mountain-plain circulation.With 14 Figures     

Studies on hydrothermal alteration by acid solutions dominated by SO4 2−: Formation of the alteration products of the Gleichenberg latitic rock (Styria,Austria)—Experimental evidence

Summary The latitic rock mined at the Gossendorf open pit in the Gleichenberg Volcanic Area of Styria, Austria, has in places been completely altered to various associations of the secondary minerals opal-C/-CT, alunite, kaolinite and montmorillonite. These associations occur in a zonal arrangement, in which the innermost part has been totally altered to opal and moreover has retained its original latitic structure. The results of experimental alteration tests on the latitic rock in open hydrological systems suggest that these secondary minerals and some of the associations observed in the field as well as their zonal distribution, may have been formed by an originally strongly acid solution rich in SO₄ ^2– which, undergoing progressive chemical variation by reaction with the rock, exhibits a chemical gradient. Some of the mineral associations, however, may not be explained by a single alteration process, but must be regarded as the result of multi-stage alteration in which alteration products from weak leaching are super-imposed on alteration products from intense leaching.

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Untersuchungen zur hydrothermalen Umwandlung unter dem Einfluß saurer SO₄ ^2–-Lösungen: Diskussion der Bildungsbedingungen der Umwandlungsprodukte der Latite von Gleichenberg, Steiermark, Österreich anhand experimenteller Umwandlungen.

Zusammenfassung Latitische Gesteine sind im Tagbau Gossendorf des Gleichenberger Vulkangebietes, Steiermark, Österreich, z. T. vollständig in verschieden zusammengesetzte Kombinationen der Mineralneubildungen Opal-C/-CT, Alunit, Kaohnit und Montmorillonit umgewandelt. Diese Kombinationen treten in einer zonaren Anordnung auf, wobei der zentrale Bereich vollständig in Opal umgewandelt ist und darüberhinaus noch das ehemalige Latitgefüge aufweist. Experimentelle Umwandlungsversuche mit dem latititschen Gestein im offenen System haben gezeigt, daß diese Neubildungen und einige der beobachteten Kombinationen sowie deren zonare Anordnung durch den Einfluß einer ursprünglich stark sauren SO₄ ^2–-Lösung entstehen können, die sich durch die Reaktion mit dem Gestein chemisch ständig ändert, d. h. einen chemischen Gradienten aufweist. Einige der auftretenden Kombinationen sind jedoch nicht durch ein Umwandlungsgeschehen zu erklären, sondern nur als Ergebnis einer mehraktigen Umwandlung, wodurch sich Umwandlungsprodukte einer starken Auslaugung und die einer schwachen Auslaugung überlagern können.

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With 9 Figures     

Mineralogical evidence for the derivation of metaluminous,potassic rocks from peralkaline precursors: The Cordon Syenite Complex (Philippines)

Summary Rocks from the Cordon Syenite Complex, located in the Philippine island arc, correspond to miaskitic (metaluminous) potassic lavas from the Roman Region and the Indonesian arc in terms of bulk rock chemistry. However, the mineral chemistry indicates a complex history of multiple equilibrations with liquids of different nature. T-site (Si + Al) occupancy in some clinopyroxenes and Ca contents of alkali feldspar phenocrysts indicate that these phases crystallized under the temperature-pressure subvolcanic regime from host liquids with progressively decreasing (Na + K)/Al ratio. In contrast to current views on the genesis of potassic rocks, it is suggested that differentiated leucite tephrite suites may be derived from peralkaline liquids by alkali loss. Magmas with affinities to lamproites may occur in the Philippine island arc, but a direct genetic relationship between subduction and alkaline/peralkaline magmatism remains questionable.

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Mineralogische Hinweise auf die Entstehung subalkalischer, K-reicher gesteine aus, peralkalischen Vorläufern: Der Syenit Komplex von Cordon (Philippinen)

Zusammenfassung Die Magmatite des im philippinischen Inselbogen gelegenen Syenitkomplexes von Cordon entsprechen in ihrem Gesamtgesteinschemismus den miaskitischen, K-reichen Vul kaniten der Romanischen Provinz und des indonesischen Inselbogens. Die chemische Zusammensetzung einzelner Mineralphasen deutet auf eine komplexere Genese unter Beteiligung von Magmen unterschiedlicher Alkalinität hin. Die Variation in der Besetzung der T-Position (Si + Al) in Klinopyroxenen und der Ca-Gehalte in Alkalifeldspäten wird dahingehend interpretiert, daß diese Phasen unter subvulkanischen Bedingungen aus Schmelzen mit abnehmenden (Na + K)/Al-Verhältnissen kristallisierten. Im Gegensatz zu gängigen Auffassungen wird daher angenommen, daß differenzierte Leucit-Tephrite aus mild-peralkalischen Magman hervorgehen können. Obwohl die K-reichen Magmatite des Syenitkomplexes von Cordon in einem Inselbogen gebildet wurden, ist ein direkter Zusammenhang mit Anreicherungsvorgängen im Bereich der Subduktionszone fraglich.

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Paper presented at the General Assembly of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth Interior, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1989.

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With 6 Figures     

Kationenaustauschkapazität als Grundlage für die Schätzung der Schwermetallmigration im Boden

The adsorption/desorption ratio is an important quantity of the displacement of heavy metals in the soil. Adsorption isotherms as controlled quantities are suitable for the development of a transport model. With the aid of the T value the sorption coefficients and distribution quotients can be determined for different soils. By two examples of simulation the migrations of Cd and Pb were calculated with soil samples of warp clay/gley and loam/para-brown earth. It was found, inter alia, that with increasing time of input the concentration of dissolved and adsorbed heavy metals grows and that the added heavy-metal ions are absorbed in the uppermost layers already. For cases of continuous input the simulation model is recommended for the practice to estimate the migration of heavy metals in soils.     

IMPROVEMENT OF OBSERVATION ACCURACY OF THE LACOSTE-ROMBERG (MODEL D) GRAVITY METER BY SUPPLEMENTARY INSTALLATION OF ELECTRONIC FEEDBACK1

Recent years have seen an increasing need for high-precision gravity meters. A widely used and the most accurate one is the LaCoste-Romberg, model D (LCR-D) meter, equipped with electronic readout. According to the manual the reading accuracy is 5 μGal. A way of reducing most of the instrumental factors limiting the accuracy is the use of an electronic feedback system. We have fitted the LCR-D 34 with a Schnüll-Röder-Wenzel, model D (SRW-D) feedback. After installation the readout voltage was calibrated, the instrumental behaviour tested, and the accuracy of the system determined. By repeat readings in the laboratory without moving the meter, the standard deviation for a single reading is better than 4 μGal in normal mode and better than 1 μGal in feedback mode. The accuracy of gravity differences - this is usually observed in field practice - is the mean value of the repeat errors of several sets of differences observed in a short time to avoid any corrections. This accuracy is better than 9 μGal in normal mode and better than 5 μGal in feedback mode. With this, the accuracy of a single reading becomes more than 6 μGal and more than 3 μGal, respectively. As the described improvement of accuracy was found to be not as good as expected, additional improvements should centre on the use of electronic levels instead of the standard liquid ones.     

Beschaffenheitslängsschnitt eines Flußgebietes mittels Regressionsanalyse

Following a general representation of the regression analysis, especially concerning the relations between flow and concentrations of matter and loads, these relations are represented and discussed for the suspended solids, nitrate concentration, chloride content and oxygen concentration for seven sections of the Spree river. There result clear connections to the structure and utilizations of all of the parts of the river basin. Finally, the covering of the total river basin by models of water quality management in the form of regression, self-purification and eutrophication models-and their coupling is represented.     

吉尔吉斯北天山地区地震预报研究成果

吉尔吉斯北天山地震活动区建有两个综合预报实验场,15个高灵敏度地震台,7个地磁台,5个地电台,7个地球化学台,6个水动力台,2个自动地震台以及阿拉—阿尔恰地震地球物理观象台和Ⅰ级大地测量网。此外,这里还有苏联科学院高温研究所所属的地电、地磁和光测距台网。该区地震平静期为19—22±6年,地震活动具有周期性特征。强震震源沿北天山地震活动带迁移。文中还确定了与地震酝育相关的地震活动性、地球物理场、地球化学场、水文地球动力学等一系列参数,描述了一系列强震前兆效应;指出了强震发生时间的综合研究的重要意义。     

IAP GCM模式大气背景环流在厄尔尼诺年的异常

本文分析了中国科学院大气物理研究所大气环流模式(IAP GCM)模式大气5～9月平均环流(本文称为背景环流)。结果表明;厄尔尼诺年一系列重要系统(南方涛动、瓦克环流、哈德莱环流、西太平洋副热带高压和热带辐合带)及大范围降水均发生明显异常;北半球西太平洋热带、副热带是环流异常的主要区域。它们与观测资料的分析结果基本一致,从而论证了该模式在低纬环流研究中的应用前景。