C#和FORTRAN混合编程在地震速度分析中的应用

本文针对交互式速度分析模块的开发技术进行讨论,融入选择性相关法速度分析理论,增加了对转换波进行速度分析的功能,并充分利用C#提供的强大的图形界面开发平台和FORTRAN语言在科学计算方面的优势,通过混合编程,将两者有机地结合起来,形成了一套精巧和便于移植的交互式地震速度分析软件.软件借助优化算法和速度分析的交互性提高了速度分析的效率和精度,并通过模型分析,将该软件用于浅层及井(巷)隧(道)探测的地质环境中.     

小波分析在前兆资料处理中的应用

利用小波变换分析了河南省2003~2007年地磁、地电、地下流体以及2004~2008年断层气CO2等前兆资料,并将断层气CO2的分析结果与河南省4级以上地震进行了震例研究。结果表明,小波分析方法对不同频率的信息识别功能较强,有助于将数据的趋势变化和局部变化分离,是地震前兆数据处理的一种有效方法;断层气CO2的震例研究表明,在豫北地区4级以上地震前1~6个月,断层气CO2会出现高值突跳异常。     

新疆煤田地质工作新进展及发展思路

新疆维吾尔自治区是煤炭资源大省,煤炭资源是新疆优势资源转换战略的重要保障,据新疆煤田地质局完成的第三次煤炭资源预测,新疆煤炭预测资源量为1.82万亿t,占全国煤炭资源预测总量的40%。近五a来,新疆煤田地质局以重点矿区的煤炭和煤层气综合勘查为基础,以探采结合为重点,以加强质量管理为保证,取得了丰硕的找矿成果。目前,新疆煤炭已由满足内需进入到弥补、支援全国需求的重要发展阶段。在加快新疆煤炭资源勘查开发的新形势下,煤田地质工作还存在投入不足、人才缺乏、环境不佳等急需解决的问题,据此提出了应加强煤炭和煤层气综合勘探、加快人才队伍建设、深入开展煤炭科学研究等方面的工作,以促进煤田地质工作的科学发展。     

土地利用动态遥感监测数据库标准探讨

为了将土地利用动态遥感监测技术和成果进一步普及和应用,规范土地利用动态遥感监测数据库建设,依据国土资源信息化标准建设的总体部署和要求,参考相关标准和规程,结合土地利用动态遥感监测业务特点,制定了土地利用动态遥感监测数据库标准草案。     

基于个体行为的多尺度城市空间重构及规划应用研究框架

中国城市转型面临多尺度的空间重构,从社区、中心城市到都市区、城市群等不同空间尺度。一方面,每个尺度上的空间组织特征及居民行为模式彻底改变;另一方面,一系列社会环境和自然环境问题出现并累积。面对城市发展的新格局和新问题,需要依托行为研究,梳理多尺度城市空间的概念体系,揭示其形成机理,判断其环境响应,并以低碳和和谐城市为导向,提出规划策略。具体内容包括:整合GPS、手机、网络、问卷和访谈等多种行为数据,建立中国城市多时空尺度居民行为数据库;分析城市、都市区和城市群尺度的城市空间组织模式和居民行为特征,创建基于个体行为的中国城市空间理论体系和研究范式;解析多尺度城市空间组织及居民行为模式与社会矛盾和碳排放之间的关系;以社会公正、和谐和低碳为导向,提出不同尺度城市空间调整优化策略和居民行为引导策略,面向居民生活质量和城市发展可持续性的提升,推动形成多尺度的居民生活圈和城市空间单元。     

An adaptive approach to selecting a flow‐partition exponent for a multiple‐flow‐direction algorithm

Most multiple‐flow‐direction algorithms (MFDs) use a flow‐partition coefficient (exponent) to determine the fractions draining to all downslope neighbours. The commonly used MFD often employs a fixed exponent over an entire watershed. The fixed coefficient strategy cannot effectively model the impact of local terrain conditions on the dispersion of local flow. This paper addresses this problem based on the idea that dispersion of local flow varies over space due to the spatial variation of local terrain conditions. Thus, the flow‐partition exponent of an MFD should also vary over space. We present an adaptive approach for determining the flow‐partition exponent based on local topographic attribute which controls local flow partitioning. In our approach, the influence of local terrain on flow partition is modelled by a flow‐partition function which is based on local maximum downslope gradient (we refer to this approach as MFD based on maximum downslope gradient, MFD‐md for short). With this new approach, a steep terrain which induces a convergent flow condition can be modelled using a large value for the flow‐partition exponent. Similarly, a gentle terrain can be modelled using a small value for the flow‐partition exponent. MFD‐md is quantitatively evaluated using four types of mathematical surfaces and their theoretical ‘true’ value of Specific Catchment Area (SCA). The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) shows that the error of SCA computed by MFD‐md is lower than that of SCA computed by the widely used SFD and MFD algorithms. Application of the new approach using a real DEM of a watershed in Northeast China shows that the flow accumulation computed by MFD‐md is better adapted to terrain conditions based on visual judgement.     

Windowed nearest neighbour method for mining spatio-temporal clusters in the presence of noise

In a spatio-temporal data set, identifying spatio-temporal clusters is difficult because of the coupling of time and space and the interference of noise. Previous methods employ either the window scanning technique or the spatio-temporal distance technique to identify spatio-temporal clusters. Although easily implemented, they suffer from the subjectivity in the choice of parameters for classification. In this article, we use the windowed kth nearest (WKN) distance (the geographic distance between an event and its kth geographical nearest neighbour among those events from which to the event the temporal distances are no larger than the half of a specified time window width [TWW]) to differentiate clusters from noise in spatio-temporal data. The windowed nearest neighbour (WNN) method is composed of four steps. The first is to construct a sequence of TWW factors, with which the WKN distances of events can be computed at different temporal scales. Second, the appropriate values of TWW (i.e. the appropriate temporal scales, at which the number of false positives may reach the lowest value when classifying the events) are indicated by the local maximum values of densities of identified clustered events, which are calculated over varying TWW by using the expectation-maximization algorithm. Third, the thresholds of the WKN distance for classification are then derived with the determined TWW. In the fourth step, clustered events identified at the determined TWW are connected into clusters according to their density connectivity in geographic–temporal space. Results of simulated data and a seismic case study showed that the WNN method is efficient in identifying spatio-temporal clusters. The novelty of WNN is that it can not only identify spatio-temporal clusters with arbitrary shapes and different spatio-temporal densities but also significantly reduce the subjectivity in the classification process.     

Experimental analysis and application of sparsity constrained deconvolution

Sparsity constrained deconvolution can improve the resolution of band-limited seismic data compared to conventional deconvolution. However, such deconvolution methods result in nonunique solutions and suppress weak reflections. The Cauchy function, modified Cauchy function, and Huber function are commonly used constraint criteria in sparse deconvolution. We used numerical experiments to analyze the ability of sparsity constrained deconvolution to restore reflectivity sequences and protect weak reflections under different constraint criteria. The experimental results demonstrate that the performance of sparsity constrained deconvolution depends on the agreement between the constraint criteria and the probability distribution of the reflectivity sequences; furthermore, the modified Cauchyconstrained criterion protects the weak reflections better than the other criteria. Based on the model experiments, the probability distribution of the reflectivity sequences of carbonate and clastic formations is statistically analyzed by using well-logging data and then the modified Cauchy-constrained deconvolution is applied to real seismic data much improving the resolution.     

Controlling of cements and physical property of sandstone by fault as observed in well Xia503 of Huimin sag, Linnan sub-depression

Cement content of carbonate in tight sandstone near section is much higher than that of the normal sandstones far away from the fault of well Xia503,in the Huimin sag in Linnan sub-depression.In order to understand the origin and its impact on fault sealing,analyses of the whole-rock minerals,casting thin sections,cathodoluminescence,isotope and physical properties are conducted on cores from well Xia503.It is found that 13C varies from 0.1‰to 0.6‰with the average value of 0.42‰,18O varies from 13.5‰to 12.3‰with the average of 13.1‰,and C–O isotope plotting points are distributed in the low to moderate temperature area of the hydrothermal dolomite.According to the occupied relationship,cathodoluminescence,and C–O isotope feature,the carbonate cementation could be divided into four stages:calcites,dolomite,ankerite,and ferrocalcite.It is discovered that the carbonate cementation is negatively related to reservoir physical property,with the porosity of 4.8%,permeability of 0.37 mD,and displacement pressure of 1.97 MPa in the tight sandstone,which have increased by almost one order of magnitude compared to the porosity of 14.3%,permeability of 3.73 mD,and displacement pressure of 0.27 MPa in the normal sandstone,which is far away from the fault.Regardless of the lithology of the counterpart wall of the fault,only the displacement pressure difference caused by carbonate cementation between the tight sandstone and the normal sandstone could seal 41 m high oil column.     

2012年加拿大西海岸Mw7.7地震构造背景与区域地震活动

2012年10月28日加拿大西海岸发生了Mw7.7地震,震中位于板块边界的夏洛特皇后断裂南段,处于环太平洋地震带上,是太平洋板块相对北美板块以约6 cm/a的速率,使得断层面应变积累到一定程度引发破裂的结果.历史地震分析表明,该地震正好填充了南段一个多世纪以来存在的空区.该地震的发生可能表明一个新的地震周期的开始,未来几十年内该断裂带上可能以中强地震活动为主,发生8级左右地震的可能性不大.