ERA5再分析数据适用性初步评估

利用山东省及周边地区10个站点的地面和高空观测资料对ERA5再分析资料的适用性进行了初步评估。结果表明：再分析的海平面气压和2 m温度与实况资料的相关性明显优于2 m相对湿度和10 m风场;高空温度和相对湿度在对流层中低层的适用性要好于高层,而位势高度和风场在中高层适用性较好;海平面气压再分析与实况的相关有着最明显的季节变化,2 m温度、2 m相对湿度和10 m风速则在部分站点有较明显的季节变化,而10 m风向的相关系数更多地表现出站点之间的差异,高空要素的适用性,季节和区域差异不明显。另外,对比发现,ERA5的适用性总体上要优于ERA-Interim再分析资料,地面和对流层低层的相对湿度、风场提高更为明显。     

雷暴大风过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征研究

2014年5月31日北京发生一次雷暴大风过程。以雷达资料同化结果为初始场,对此次过程进行高分辨率数值模拟。采用非静力平衡和非地转平衡的经向动量方程和质量权重动能方程,利用模拟资料,对雷暴大风过程中经向动量和质量权重动能进行收支分析,以此来研究雷暴过程中对流层中低层动量通量和动能通量输送特征,讨论地面大风的可能成因。分析结果表明,在对流层中低层,经向动量通量散度是影响经向动量局地变化的主要强迫项。雷暴系统后部的入流把中低层的经向动量倾斜向下输送,系统前部对流云区中低层的下沉气流也向下输送经向动量。这两支下传动量通量先后与近地面经向动量的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送经向动量。在北京西北部地形阻挡作用下,经向动量通量在系统前端近地面辐合,促进那里的经向动量局地增长,有利于增强那里的南风。质量动能收支的特征与经向动量收支类似,在近地面层质量动能的局地变化主要是由质量动能通量散度引起的。系统后部入流把中层质量动能向下传输到近地面层,然后与近地面质量动能的水平通量汇合,向系统前沿输送质量动能。相对来说,近地面层经向动量和质量动能的水平通量比下传通量更重要,这主要与低层较强的东南急流有关。     

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Sea Ice Thickness Distribution in the Kerch and Kamysh-Burun Bays

The one-dimensional thermodynamic model adapted to the physiographic conditions of the Kerch Strait was used to study the seasonal evolution of sea ice thickness in the Kerch and Kamysh-Burun bays in the winter of 2007/2008. The dependence of the regional variability of ice thickness on hydrometeorological conditions is analyzed.     

Field determination for roughness length above the different non-erodible surfaces

Non-erodible elements, for its disturbance to the near-surface airflow, have been widely used in arid and semi-arid regions to protect the surface from wind erosion. Roughness length was usually used to evaluate the protection effect of non-erodible elements from wind erosion. In this study, the wind profiles above five types of non-erodible surfaces including gravel, wheat straw checkerboard barriers, cotton stem checkerboard barriers, shrubs, and herbs were measured and analyzed. The wind velocities above these surfaces increased with height approximately in logarithmic functions. The roughness length of different non-erodible surfaces was calculated by the functions of wind profiles. The results reveal that:(1) Roughness length increased with wind velocity in given wind velocity ranges. (2) On vegetative surfaces, wind did not effectively bend the stems. The threshold wind velocity for bending the stems of Achnatherum splendens was 4 m/s, 10 m/s for Agropyron cristatum, and for Artemisia ordosica, no obvious bending of stems even for wind velocity reaching 12 m/s. (3) Correlation analysis results show that the vegetation''s coverage and frontal area affect the roughness length more significantly than the other parameters. (4) The protective results of these non-erodible elements were evaluated. The checkerboard sand barriers made of cotton stem could provide more effective protection than that made of wheat straw. In the same coverage conditions, vegetation could provide more effective protection from wind erosion than gravel, and the blending of different non-erodible elements especially the combination of blending of vegeation and checkerboard sand barriers could provide more effective protection to the surface.     

Roshydromet supercomputer technologies for numerical weather prediction

The main stages are considered of the process of Roshydromet forecast technologies modernization that started in the 1990s, especially those related to the use of supercomputers for operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) and to the development of supercomputer technologies for NWP with different lead times. Some outcomes of the modernization are presented.     

基于动态聚类法的安顺降雪环流分型研究

该文以500 hPa环流作为关键影响因子,采用K-means动态聚类分型,将近10 a安顺降雪划分为平直气流型（Ⅰ）、南支槽型（Ⅱ）、多波动型（Ⅲ）3种主要形势。个例分析和合成分析表明:3种形势下降雪过程中相态变化、区域、持续时间等特点有所不同。合成分析还表明：3种形势在500 hPa环流上有明显的区别,Ⅰ型在高原东侧到贵州的气流基本平直,Ⅱ型从高原东侧到贵州有1个明显的南支槽,Ⅲ型在高原东侧到贵州有多个波动槽影响,在高原北侧沿河套地区和孟湾以东均有槽影响,形成阶梯槽。此外滇黔准静止锋的强度、影响区域、物理量以及垂直方向湿度配置、逆温等方面均有所区别：Ⅰ型湿层和上升区浅薄,有1℃左右逆温;Ⅱ型湿层较薄,Ⅱ型在贵州中部有3℃逆温范围较窄;Ⅲ型中低层有宽广的湿层,水汽和抬升条件配合较好,几乎没有逆温。     

不同月海冰边界提取算法对南极海冰变化的影响分析

海冰与海水的交界地带是海-冰-气相互作用的重要区域,其变化会影响海洋生物栖息地的联通状态和海洋、大气的交换,确定海冰边界对于分析海冰动态变化具有重要意义[1-2]。被动微波传感器为长期监测海冰变化提供了大尺度的连续观测数据。从经典统计、随机集理论出发,应用三种由被动微波日均海冰密集度数据提取月均海冰边界的方法,分析三种月均边界的差异,以及不同月均边界提取方法对海冰长期变化分析的影响。     

基于e-Learning的测绘专业教学训练系统的设计与实现

介绍了e-Learning的概念及体系结构,结合测绘专业教育的实际需求,在e-Learning三层体系结构的基础上,给出e-Learning环境下测绘专业教学训练的系统设计及实现方案。     

基于分类与形态综合的高分辨率影像建筑物提取方法研究

本文提出了一种基于分类和形态综合的高分辨率影像建筑物提取方法。主要研究的是基于高分辨率影像多尺度分割的面向对象人工地物分类方法,并以此为基础提取房屋,实现房屋位置、范围的初步自动化提取。最后,对提取的地物图斑的精确边界利用Hough变换提取直线边缘轮廓线,并以此为基础进行轮廓拟合和制图综合,从而得到规则的、方形组合的建筑物形状信息。     

Fluid composition and origin in the hydrothermal system of the Nezhdaninsky gold deposit,Sakha (Yakutia), Russia

Petrochemical characteristics of igneous, sedimentary, and metasomatic rocks; chemical and isotopic compositions of minerals and fluids; and PT parameters of mineral formation at the Nezhdaninsky deposit are reported. A model of hydrothermal system formation is developed on this basis. In addition to decreasing Ba/Rb and Li/Mg ratios in the course of the hydrothermal process, resulting in the formation of ore-bearing metasomatic rocks, increasing K/Ba and diminishing K/Cs ratios indicate the probable participation of magmatic fluid in the ore deposition. The agreement of the K/Rb and K/Ba ratios with the values typical of the main trend of igneous rocks (MT) implies that the K, Rb, and Ba contents were distributed in the ore-forming hydrothermal fluid according to the ratios in the source magmatic chamber. The K/Rb ratios in metasomatic rocks correspond to the MT and approach the pegmatitic-hydrothermal trend and the composition of orthomagmatic fluid of Mo-W greisen. Similar REE patterns of igneous and terrigenous rocks do not allow the REE source to be constrained unequivocally. The lithological control of lithophile element distribution testifies to the supply of host rock components to the hydrothermal system. All studied rocks and minerals are enriched in LREE. The REE total and the contribution of HREE decrease from preore to synore metasomatic rocks, from preore to regenerated carbonates, and from older to younger scheelite. A similar tendency is noted in granitoids of the Kurum pluton. The δ¹⁸O values of quartz range from +10.3 to +12.6‰ in Au-Mo-W zones, from +15.9 to +16.4‰ in metasomatic rocks, from +14.8 to +16.6‰ in gold-ore veins, and from +13.5 to +16.9‰ in silver-base-metal ore mineralization. The estimates of \(\delta ^{18} O_{H_2 O} \) suggest that water was supplied from a magmatic source (δ¹⁸O = +(5.5?9.0‰)) and as a product of sedimentary rock dehydration. High-temperature (up to 390°C) and highly concentrated (up to 31 wt % NaCl equiv) fluids participated in the mineral formation. The phase separation of the fluid into H₂O-CO₂ liquid and predominantly carbon dioxide gas was combined with mixing of a high-temperature and relatively highly concentrated chloride solution with a low-temperature and poorly mineralized fluid. The redox conditions varied from equilibrium with CH₄-bearing fluid at the gold-molybdenum-tungsten stage to equilibrium with CO₂-bearing fluid during the gold-ore stage.