嫦娥三号导航相机测图能力分析及地形重建

基于立体相机成像模型并结合相机参数对嫦娥三号导航相机3维测图能力进行分析,利用摄影测量原理和误差传播定律对巡视器30 m范围内的DEM精度进行了理论分析,推导出导航相机立体影像获得的采样点精度公式,并绘制了DEM的平面精度图和高程精度图;同时使用多线程技术开发了基于导航相机立体影像的地形快速重建算法,利用多线程技术完成影像的特征匹配和密集匹配,并通过分块内插生成DEM。该技术应用于嫦娥三号任务中,有力地支持了嫦娥三号遥操作路径规划相关任务。     

Has climate change driven spatio-temporal changes of cropland in northern China since the 1970s?

Improving the understanding of cropland change and its driving factors is a current focus for policy decision-makers in China. The datasets of cropland and cropland changes from the 1970s to the 2000s were used to explore whether climate change has produced spatio-temporal changes to cropland in northern China since the 1970s. Two representative indicators of heat and water resources, which are important determinants of crop growth and productivity, were considered to track climate change, including active accumulated temperatures ≥10 °C (AAT10) and the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). Our results showed that rapid cropland change has occurred in northern China since the 1970s, and the area of cropland reclamation (10.23 million ha) was much greater than that of abandoned cropland (2.94 million ha). In the 2000s, the area of cropland with AAT10 higher than 3,000 °C·d increased, while the area of cropland with an SPEI greater than 0.25 decreased compared to the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. It appears that climate warming has provided thermal conditions that have aided rapid cropland reclamation in northern China since the 1970s, and drier climatic conditions did not become a limiting factor for cropland reclamation, especially from the 1990s to the 2000s. Approximately 70 % of cropland reclamation areas were located in warmer but drier regions from the 1990s to the 2000s, and approximately 40 % of cropland abandonment occurred in warmer and wetter conditions that were suitable for agriculture during the periods from the 1970s to the 1980s and the 1990s to the 2000s. Our results suggest that climate change can be considered a driving factor of cropland change in the past several decades in northern China, in addition to socioeconomic factors.     

全球超大城市空间扩张及分形特征研究

超大城市是全球经济、文化以及高科技产业发展的承载体和重要纽带,其形态结构特征和人口聚集效应是城市化影响的典型表现,然而当前对于全球超大城市形态特征及扩张模式的研究相对不足。基于2000—2020年全球城市土地利用/覆盖变化数据（GULUC-30）,利用城市扩张强度差异指数分析了超大城市用地的时空变化规律;而后运用面积—半径标度分析模型研究了超大城市的分形特征及扩张模式,最后基于城市用地面积和城市人口之间的线性关系评价城市用地效率。结果发现：① 2000—2020年东南亚和东亚的中国超大城市用地扩张最剧烈,城市用地面积分别扩张了3148.32 km²和5996.26 km²,城市扩张强度差异指数平均值大于3;② 2000—2020年超大城市的形态特征和扩张模式向着更加集约和紧凑的方向发展,径向维数平均值由1.54增加至1.56,分维差呈逐年减少趋势,城市内部结构一体化特征显著;③ 北美和欧洲的超大城市用地效率低,2020年城市用地面积与城市人口比值系数范围为0.89~4.11;南亚和非洲城市用地效率高,比值范围为0.23~0.87。超大城市空间扩张格局和形态变化的认识对于城市用地的集约利用和可持续发展具有重要参考价值。严格控制超大城市扩张规模,促进城市用地的均衡发展是建设韧性城市和实现城市地区可持续发展的必要条件。     

北黄海水体的226Ra和228Ra

用锰纤维富集-射气法测定了北黄海海水中的镭同位素226Ra和228Ra,研究了该海域水体中镭同位素的含量和分布.研究结果表明北黄海水体夏季226Ra的比活度为1.80～4.35 Bq/m3,平均值为3.06 Bq/m3;冬季226Ra的比活度为2.08～5.20 Bq/m3,平均值为3.28 Bq/m3.北黄海夏季228Ra的比活度为3.85～25.60 Bq/m3,平均值为10.60 Bq/m3;冬季228Ra的比活度为3.14～15.60Bq/m3,平均值为7.66 Bq/m3.该数据范围和中国近海其他海域、孟加拉湾、泰国昭披耶河口、濑户内海等海域相近.北黄海东北部海域,渤海海峡靠近山东半岛的海区和中北部海区表层镭同位素活度较高.C1断面镭同位素的分布特征从镭同位素的方面证实了渤海海峡水交换表现为北进南出特征这一结论的正确性.226Ra和228Ra的垂直分布较为复杂,大部分站位呈现出底层活度变高的趋势,其他少数站位呈现出中间层活度高的分布特征,不同来源的镭同位素输入至该海域形成了这样的分布特征.     

均质土坡潜在滑面的搜索

均质土坡潜在滑面的确定 ,是对均质土坡进行稳定性计算的必要前提。传统的以瑞典圆弧法为代表的刚体极限平衡方法 ,虽然能够确定出均质土坡的滑面 ,但工作量较大 ,使用不方便。因此 ,在塑性极限分析方法的基础上 ,提出了一种新的搜索滑面的方法     

软件考试驱动的GIS专业教学改革与实践——以“空间数据库”课程为例

GIS专业的学生需要一定的软件设计和编程技能,传统单一的课堂教学模式难以适应当前培养GIS人才的要求。文中提出通过引导学生参加软件考试,结合考试类型和考试科目进行考试的技术指导和培训,并将其引入到"空间数据库"的课堂教学,使得课程教学与软件考试紧密结合;通过引入任务驱动、情景教学、分级和分组的教学方法,以及课程考试和软件考试的双重考核方法,促进"空间数据库"课程教学改革。课程改革的实施不仅活跃了课堂教学氛围,改善课堂秩序,而且促进学生课后的学习自主性和社会实践积极性,为培养高质量的GIS人才打下基础。     

剪切屈服型可更换耗能梁的抗震性能研究

针对传统结构震后修复能力不足,带可更换构件的混合框架结构体系在地震作用下,可更换耗能构件集中损伤和耗散地震能量,保护其他构件不损伤或轻微损伤,更换损伤的耗能构件,即可实现结构预定功能震后可恢复。通过3个可更换耗能梁试件,研究其抗震性能。在此基础上,通过SAP2000有限元建模,对带可更换构件的混合框架结构进行非线性分析,研究整体结构体系的屈服机制、承载力和可更换耗能构件的可更换性能。结果表明:试件均发生剪切屈服型破坏,破坏特征包括腹板－加劲肋焊缝撕裂、腹板屈曲和腹板撕裂。各试件的滞回曲线非常饱满,具有优异的承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力;在地震作用下,带可更换构件的混合框架结构体系中各构件能够实现良好的有序屈服机制,可更换耗能构件具有较好的可更换性。     

青藏高原错那—沃卡裂谷中部电性结构及其动力学意义

藏南裂谷作为青藏高原最显著的伸展构造样式之一,是研究高原生长过程的重要窗口,但目前其深部成因机制仍存在较大争议。本文利用沿错那—沃卡裂谷中部的大地电磁数据,分析裂谷区域的大地电磁测深曲线特征和相位张量,并通过三维大地电磁反演获得邛多江地堑和沃卡地堑深部电性结构。三维大地电磁反演结果显示,沃卡地堑和邛多江地堑深部存在一条连续的显著高导异常,并呈现“俯冲”形态,且上覆高阻结构体,而在邛多江地堑两侧浅部则分布低阻异常。结合早期的研究结果,本文支持错那—沃卡裂谷深部的高导异常为地壳部分熔融,可能与南向地壳流相关,并研究认为在南北向持续挤压作用下,裂谷下方的弱地壳层,通过解耦上地壳和下部地壳,促进了藏南裂谷系的发育。     

黑龙江嘉荫连珠山金矿床成岩成矿年代学及其地质意义

连珠山矿床位于小兴安岭北麓,是一个产于花岗岩内部断裂体系的蚀变岩型金矿床。为了限定其成矿时代与成矿地质背景,本文对其赋矿围岩黑云母二长花岗岩和石英闪长岩进行了岩石地球化学、锆石U-Pb和绢云母40Ar/39Ar年代学的系统研究。定年结果表明黑云母二长花岗岩形成时代为中三叠世(243.7±1.3Ma,MSWD=0.77,n=12),岩浆上侵过程中受到早古生代(474~438Ma)和中二叠世(267~261Ma)的岩浆混染,而石英闪长岩形成于晚三叠世(215.3±1.3Ma,MSWD=0.35,n=17);黄铁绢英岩化矿石中的绢云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄为194.2±2.0Ma,指示为早侏罗世成矿;元素地球化学特征显示连珠山侵入岩为准铝质-弱过铝质、高钾钙碱性岩石系列,具有I型花岗岩的地球化学属性;轻稀土元素富集,相对亏损重稀土元素,且具有弱的负Eu异常;富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)。结合小兴安岭-张广才岭地区已有年代学资料和区域构造演化特征,认为其成矿地质背景为兴蒙造山晚期与古太平洋板块俯冲转换期,或成矿发生在兴蒙造山期后的伸展阶段。     

The Paleoceanography during the Time with High δ13C of Phanerozoic marine carbonates

Carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates is a record for various important geological events in the process of earth development and evolution. The carbonates of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic, as the transition from Paleozoic to Mesozoic-Cenozoic have very high ¹³C value. Taking this as the main point, and combined with the oxygen, strontium isotopic composition in carbonates, distribution of carbonate basin area through geologic time, the correlation of carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates to sea level change, organic carbon burial flux, exchange of CO₂ content in atmosphere and ocean, and long cycle evolution of the earth ecosystems were approached. The results are shown as follows: ①The interval of ¹³C >3‰ during Phanerozoic was concentrated in Carboniferous, Permian and the beginning of Triassic, but the beginning of Triassic was characterized by higher frequency and larger fluctuations in ¹³C value during a short time, whereas the Carboniferous-Permian presented a continuously stable high ¹³C value, indicating a larger amount of organic carbon accumulation in this time interval. Relatively high ¹⁸O values during this time was also observed, showing a long time of glaciations and cold climate, which suggest a connection among rapid organic carbon burial, cold climate, as well as pCO₂ and pO₂ states of atmosphere. ②The over consumption of atmosphere CO₂ by green plants during the time with high ¹³C of seawater forced CO₂ being transferred from ocean to atmosphere for the balance, but the decrease in the seawater amount and water column pressure caused by the global cooling could weaken dissolution capacity of CO₂ in seawater and carbon storage of marine carbonates, and also reduce the carbonate sedimentary rate and decrease the carbonate basin area globally from Devonian to Carboniferous and Permian. During the middle-late Permian carbonate was widely replaced by siliceous sediments even though in shallow carbonate platform, which resulted in the decrease of marine invertebrates, suggesting the Permian chert event should be global. ③The Phanerozoic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr trend of seawater showed a sharp fall in Permian and drop to a minimum at the end of the Permian, indicting input of strontium from the submarine hydrothermal systems (mantle flux). Such process should accompany with a supplement of CO₂ from deep earth to atmosphere and ocean system, but the process associated with widespread volcanism and rises of earth’s surface temperature pricked up the mass extinction during the time of end Permian. ④Cold climate and increase of continental icecap volume, the amalgamation of northern Africa and Laurentia continentals were the main reasons responsible for the sea level drop, but the water consumption result from the significantly increased accumulation of organic carbon should also be one of the reasons for the sea level drop on the order of tens of meters. ⑤The mass extinction at the end Permian was an inevitable event in the process of earth system adjustment. It was difficult for marine invertebrates to survive because of the continuously rapid burial of organic carbon, and of the decrease of sea water amount and its dissolution ability to CO₂. At last, at the end of Paleozoic, the supplement of CO₂ to atmosphere and ocean by widely magma activities resulted in a high temperature of earth surface and intensified mass extinction.