Analysis of a progressive slope failure in the Xiangjiaba reservoir area,Southwest China

The rehabilitation construction in the reservoir area of Xiangjiaba hydropower station in Southwest China has caused many landslides. A shallow progressive failure that occurred on the resettlement site of Xin’an Town of Pingshan County in Sichuan Province was selected as a case study. This landslide occurred in a long and gently inclined area by slope excavation under rainfall conditions. It is about 3.0 m deep with a total length of 35 m and is composed of some subfailures. Undisturbed samples were retrieved, on which the basic properties, shear strength, expansive potential, mineral compositions, and microstructures were tested and analyzed. The results show (1) the landsliding materials belong to medium expansive soil, consisting of the clay minerals of illite–smectite (I/S) and chlorite–smectite (C/S); (2) shear strength of the soil is sensitive to water, which greatly decreases once saturated; and (3) many fractures and relatively large pores are developed in the soils. Back analysis of the landslide shows that the shear strength at failure is less than the residual shear strength obtained from lab tests, indicating that some processes contributing to the slope failure could not be reflected by the shear box test. Based on the above analysis, the progressive process of the slope failure was interpreted, and it is inferred that the rainfall entered into the slope mainly through fractures and relatively large pores in the soil. It caused not only the great decrease in soil strength but also the swelling trend. The latter one would lead to growth, interaction, and coalescence of the fractures. Soon after, these fractures formed the shear planes (zones), which further decreased the resistance of the landslide. Under these favorable conditions, the slope excavation directly triggered the failure.     

An approach to sustainable rural water supply in semi-arid Africa with a case study from Namibia

Sustainable-yield estimation in semi-arid conditions is always challenging, especially for fractured rock aquifers. An approach to assess sustainability is discussed using a case study from rural semi-arid Namibia. The fractured-rock aquifers in the study area have complex configuration. Geology maps, hydrocensus data, geophysical surveys, and drilling and hydraulic testing data were used to produce a conceptual model. Aquifer parameters were estimated based on the hydraulic test data and numerical modelling. Due to lack of data, as is often the case in rural Namibia, the simulation results had to be verified against geological and hydrogeological constraints. It is concluded that the aquifer system is sustained by episodic recharge and the long-term gain in storage (about 3,285 m³/a) represents the maximum extractable volume. It is recommended that the continuous monitoring system for groundwater level, river flow and rainfall should be part of a long-term scheme. The magnitude and frequency of the recharge events and extraction should be monitored in order to sustainably manage the resource. Although the illustrated approach is based on limited data, it provides a basis for management of individual groundwater schemes in semi-arid conditions in sub-Saharan Africa.     

北京市生态保护红线内地表覆盖变化聚集性研究

本文利用北京市2015、2017及2019年三期地理国情普查及监测数据,分析了北京市生态保护红线内地表覆盖空间变化特征,并在全局及局部Moran's I空间自相关分析的基础上,从空间上对生态保护红线内生态修复显著、生态破坏显著区域进行识别。研究结果表明,2015-2019年,生态保护红线内的生态用地整体处于流出状态,且各类变化斑块间存在明显的空间自相关效应,15个区域为人类活动密集区,其中雾灵山及周边山区、松山及玉渡山保护区、南海子公园、密云水库、怀沙怀九河、泃河平谷段(西南段)等6个地区为生态破坏显著区域,建议对其加大监管力度;生态修复显著区域为京密引水渠密云段,其他8个区域均为人为破坏及修复活动共存区域。本文为严守生态保护红线,加快建设美丽北京及生态文明建设提供决策依据,同时也适用于全国其他地区生态保护红线内地表覆盖变化的监测。     

内蒙古三河铅锌矿床的矿化特征及构造控矿规律

以内蒙三河铅锌矿床为研究对象,通过详细的野外和井下地质调研、 勘查资料综合分析、 构造地质测量、矿石和蚀变岩的岩石学和矿物学研究等,对矿区主要的构造类型、产状特征、脉体和蚀变的类型及矿化与断裂构造的关系进行了详细的研究.研究结果表明,矿区矿体主要呈脉状-网脉状产于北西西向断裂构造中.根据矿区断裂-脉体类型-蚀变的关系可...     

西安未央湖趋磁细菌多样性与磁学研究

对西安郊区未央湖趋磁细菌的生物多样性和磁学性质进行了系统研究.光学和透射电子显微镜分析发现,未央湖趋磁细菌主要为杆菌,它们的磁小体多为子弹头形状并呈链状排列;磁学分析表明这些磁小体颗粒以单畴磁铁矿为主;并发现一类同时含有磁铁矿和胶黄铁矿磁小体的趋磁杆菌.基于16S rRNA基因的系统发育分析发现,未央湖趋磁细菌主要分布在变形菌门的δ-变形菌纲(75％)和α-变形菌纲(25％).本研究结果还有助于为利用趋磁细菌群落指示环境变化提供依据.     

天津地磁房改造中的磁性控制

天津市地震局利用天津市地震安全基础工程,对区域地磁台站的地磁观测室进行改造,拆除原有混凝土浇筑的观测墩及墩基,安装无磁大理石观测墩,拆除原屋顶新建木结构屋顶,对室内进行保温处理.在施工过程中,建筑材料及施工环节的磁性控制是磁房改造的关键环节.     

大兴安岭多宝山铜成矿区植物地球化学特征及找矿意义

在森林覆盖区利用植物地球化学找矿具有一定优势。对黑龙江省呼玛县多宝山铜矿区和相邻的呼玛县罕达气－白石砬子－宽河对照区进行植物地球化学找矿研究。植物样品采集以植物样方测量中常见植物为主,分别采集植物的根、茎、叶,并配套采集岩石和土壤各层位的样品,植物样品使用ICP-MS方法测试。植物中成矿元素对比和总富集系数(TEC)显示,在铜成矿区可以形成比较明显的植物地球化学异常。通过矿化岩石-土壤-植物元素相关分析和屏障系数(SC)证明,植物中元素异常与成矿作用具有成因联系。植物地球化学找矿干扰因素比较多,可利用元素在植物根、茎、叶器官内的分配特征来确定采样介质。提出利用衬度系数(CC)、组合衬度系数(CCC)、屏障系数(SC)等多指标方法选择有效指示植物,综合分析后认为白桦和胡枝子可作为多宝山铜成矿区有效指示植物。在大兴安岭森林覆盖区利用植物地球化学找矿是可行的。     

微地震技术在裂缝监测中的应用研究

论述压裂过程中诱发微地震的激发机理,分析人造裂缝与地应力关系并叙述了微震事件的定位方法。利用微地震监测技术,通过实时定位理论系统对深凹区BYHF1井页岩水平井分段大型压裂过程实时监测,运用偶极子测井和VSP资料建立监测井区的初始速度模型,并通过射孔炮对其校正。在对实时监测定位理论系统数据进行综合处理分析,及有效微震事件识别的基础上,利用纵波和横波信息分析计算得到微地震事件的位置,通过可视化技术对压裂井区裂缝发育的方向、大小、空间分布进行了描述,监测结果是裂缝发育方向基本上为NE34°,与成像测井结果吻合良好。