富水软岩隧道突泥塌方及地层沉降的模型试验

在富水软岩地层中修建隧道容易出现突泥塌方,对施工及周边环境产生严重影响。北岗隧道围岩强度低且地下水丰富,在施工中多次遇到突泥涌水现象,出现了围岩大面积坍塌、地表开裂、地下水位下降等严重灾害问题。以北岗隧道为原型,开展了室内模型试验,再现了该隧道的破坏现象,研究了隧道突泥塌方的影响因素、破坏规律及影响范围。结果表明:（1）地表未出现裂缝时,隧道开挖导致的地表和地层内部变形可以采用Peck的正态分布曲线描述;（2）涌水是造成隧道围岩发生严重坍塌的根本原因;（3）隧道破坏从拱顶开始,呈拱形破坏型式;（4）地表的两条主裂缝在隧道塌方初期形成,塌方对地表沉降和裂缝的主要影响区域位于两条主裂缝之间。     

Evolution of a Holocene banner bank controlled by morphodynamics and structural setting of a macrotidal coast: Saint-Brieuc Bay(NW-Europe)

The morphology and internal structure of the Horaine Bank(Bay of Saint-Brieuc, NW France) are described based on multibeam echosounder and high-resolution seismic datasets coupled with vibro-core data. The Horaine Bank shows large-scale bedforms in the lee of a submerged rocky shoal, which allowed defining it as a Banner Bank.The internal structure of the sandbank reveals four seismic units(U1–U4) on a Cambrian basement(U0). The basal unit U1 is interpreted as reworked lowstand fluvial sediments those infilled micro incised valleys during a rise in sea level. This unit is overlain by paleo-coastal barrier sand-spit(U2) whose development was controlled by swell in the context of a rapid rise in sea level. The successive prograding unit(U3) is interpreted as flooding deposits in continuity with unit U2. The unit U4 is characterized by oblique reflectors oriented in two opposite directions. This last unit, dated post 3500 yr BP, corresponds to migrating dunes superimposed on the bank and observable in the high-resolution bathymetric data. The strong correlation between tidal currents and the apparent clockwise migration of dune crests suggests the presence of a tidal gyre controlling the present-day dynamics of most of the Horaine bank dunes. This study proposes a new model for the construction of banner banks characterized by the gradual transition of a sand spit to a banner bank during marine transgression and ensuing hydrodynamic variability.     

Disaster risk reduction on non-sovereign islands: La Réunion and Mayotte,France

The Islands of Réunion and Mayotte are French territories in the Indian Ocean and are prone to numerous and recurrent hazards as well as to increasing vulnerabilities. This paper examines disaster risk reduction on non-sovereign islands through the case studies of Réunion and Mayotte. The approach used is embedded in standard geographical approaches to risk analysis, focusing on place-based vulnerability, in order to understand disaster risk and disaster risk reduction on both islands. In addition to establishing baseline information and visiting both islands for further data, 21 semi-structured individual interviews were completed to understand the people’s perceptions of the hazards and of their vulnerabilities. Disaster risk reduction strategies, and attitudes from governing bodies implementing the strategies, tend to assume similar vulnerability contexts as mainland France, despite obvious differences on the islands. Many policies are implemented in a top–down manner by those from mainland France who have little interest in, and who do not fully take into consideration, local realities. This paper contributes new case studies to the literature, especially in comparing two non-Anglophone non-sovereign islands, and reinforces recommendations factoring in local contexts when addressing ‘vulnerability of a place’ to disasters.     

Lithostratigraphy and depositional environment of the Permian Nowra Sandstone in the southwestern Sydney Basin,Australia

Lithofacies in the mid‐Permian Nowra Sandstone indicate a middle/upper shoreface to foreshore environment of deposition under the influence of storm‐generated waves and north‐northeasterly directed longshore currents. Palaeogeographic reconstruction for the Nowra Sandstone portrays a sand‐dominated high energy shelf and offshore shoal forming a sequence thickening seaward away from the western shore of the Sydney Basin. The shoal‐crest at the outer edge of the shelf trends north‐northeast. It is characterized by fine‐ to medium‐grained sandstone with upper flow regime structures and a high proportion of conglomerate, whereas coarser sandstone with lower energy bedforms occurs along the seaward side of the shoal. In the deeper water to the east, the lower Nowra Sandstone becomes rapidly thinner as it passes seaward, via bioturbated storm redeposited sandstone beds, into the shelf deposits of the Wandrawandian Siltstone. This sequence accumulated during a regressive event and the base of the formation becomes progressively younger eastward. The sand may have been supplied by rivers along the western coast but the major source was south of the study area. The lower Nowra Sandstone is separated from the upper part of the formation by an extensive ravinement surface overlain by the Purnoo Conglomerate Member. In contrast to the lower unit, the upper Nowra Sandstone forms a westward thickening wedge that represents a backstepping nearshore sand facies that accumulated during a transgression. The upper Nowra Sandstone passes vertically and laterally eastward into the Berry Siltstone. Thus both boundaries of the Nowra Sandstone are diachronous, first younging eastward and then westward as a response to a regressive‐transgressive episode.     

膨胀土干湿循环胀缩裂隙的定量分析

为研究膨胀土在降雨与蒸发过程中的胀缩裂隙演化规律,对原状膨胀土进行干湿循环的CT扫描试验。利用Matlab软件编写程序对土体CT图进行三维体重建以及裂隙信息的提取,从定性与定量的维度研究土体三维空间裂隙与干湿循环之间的关系。定性研究发现,裂隙发育开始于土体内部初始孔洞与微纹裂等薄弱处,并扩展延伸,形成裂隙面、裂隙体,最后形成复杂的三维裂隙网络;随着干湿循环的进行,裂隙面积和体积逐渐增加,最后趋于稳定。定量研究发现,裂隙面积沿试样轴向的分布具有明显的周期性规律,随着干湿循环的进行,周期逐渐减小,振幅A先增加后减小;裂隙开展分为3个阶段,即裂隙酝酿期、裂隙快速发育期和裂隙平稳发展期,而裂隙发育主要发生在裂隙快速发育期。得出了试样径向裂隙面积、轴向高度与累计干缩体变之间的近似关系,以裂隙体积定义了符合Logistic函数变化规律的扰动函数,可以预测裂隙在试样局部的发展及分布情况,为裂隙膨胀土的渗透特性以及整体与局部的应力、应变研究提供参考。     

Pilot Block Method Methodology to Calibrate Stochastic Permeability Fields to Dynamic Data

In the present paper, a new geostatistical parameterization technique is introduced for solving inverse problems, either in groundwater hydrology or petroleum engineering. The purpose of this is to characterize permeability at the field scale from the available dynamic data, that is, data depending on fluid displacements. Thus, a permeability model is built, which yields numerical flow answers similar to the data collected. This problem is often defined as an objective function to be minimized. We are especially focused on the possibility to locally change the permeability model, so as to further reduce the objective function. This concern is of interest when dealing with 4D-seismic data. The calibration phase consists of selecting sub-domains or pilot blocks and of varying their log-permeability averages. The permeability model is then constrained to these fictitious block-data through simple cokriging. In addition, we estimate the prior probability density function relative to the pilot block values and incorporate this prior information into the objective function. Therefore, variations in block values are governed by the optimizer while accounting for nearby point and block-data. Pilot block based optimizations provide permeability models respecting point-data at their locations, spatial variability models inferred from point-data and dynamic data in a least squares sense. A synthetic example is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed matching methodology.     

Late Carboniferous-Early Permian Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Evolution in the Northeast Ordos Basin,North China

<正>Sequence stratigraphical analysis was applied to the Upper Carboniferous-Lower Permian sedimentary succession of the northeastern Ordos Basin,north China based on data acquired from ten entire logging curves and eight outcrops.The facies framework of the lithostratigraphical unit,the Taiyuan Formation comprises seven facies in two facies associations,varying from fluvio-delta to shelf-barrier islands.The facies are presented within a chronostratigraphical framework,linked by systems tract,which in turn are limited by flooding surfaces and sequence boundaries.Six third-order depositional sequences are recognised,bounded by six type 2 unconformities.An upwards-shallowing epicontinental sea sedimentary model is created,which consists of a sandstone,coal seam and carbonate succession.