资源三号卫星多光谱影像的姿态角常差检校

针对资源三号卫星姿态角常差导致的多光谱影像定位精度降低的问题,该文在构建多光谱影像严格几何定位模型的基础上,提出了运用罗德里格矩阵建立姿态角常差检校方法;根据少量地面控制点求出姿态角常差构成的偏置矩阵后,使影像定位精度得到显著提高。实验结果证明,该方法具有较好的应用价值。     

信息量与相似度约束下的网络地图服务缩略图自动生成算法

缩略图可显著提高图片和视频等图形图像资源的展现效率,有效改善信息检索过程中的用户体验。地图服务是一种耦合空间和尺度信息的图像资源,其设计创作、检索筛选和存储管理均需要缩略图的支撑。设计精巧的缩略图带给人良好、鲜活的第一印象,帮助用户实现高效的交互与探索;粗糙凌乱的缩略图则让用户产生抵触情绪,打消其继续探索地图服务的主动性。本文借鉴视频关键帧的思路并结合地图表达特点,提出了地图服务关键位置和关键尺度的概念,并设计了相应的量化指标和提取算法,重点解决了缩略图视觉效果不佳、地图信息量不足和自动化程度不高等问题。算法基于信息量识别地图中内容丰富的关键位置,然后利用跨比例尺相似度判断发生显著变化的关键尺度,最后自动筛选出若干张代表地图服务内容的缩略图。试验表明本方法提取的缩略图数量适中、内容丰富、代表性强,可高度还原地图服务的内容构成和外观样式。     

基于WebGIS的水务普查成果共享服务平台设计与实现

北京市于2010—2012年开展了第一次面向境内的水务对象普查工作,普查对象涉及河流湖泊、水利工程、供排水等共11个专项,成果涵盖了十几万个水务对象。此次普查基本摸清了北京市水务家底,为助推首都经济发展打下了坚实的基础。但由于长期以来受传统观念、行政体制、管理模式、技术手段等多方面因素的制约,导致"信息孤岛"现象严重,信息不一致难以整合共享,业务之间难以协同。为了解决这些问题,北京市开展了"基础水信息服务平台"及相关配套设施的建设。该平台基于Web GIS和元数据等技术,通过梳理普查基础数据和空间数据,结合已有数据及基础测绘数据,建成水务综合库,绘制完成水务一张图,搭建北京市基础水信息服务平台。平台的建成,实现了"一张图、一个库、一套表、一个平台"的"四个一"普查成果目标,初步形成"水务百度"雏形。     

基于华浩超算平台遥感影像几何校正研究——以资源一号02C数据为例

对多源遥感影像进行几何校正是遥感影像应用的重要环节,以往的遥感影像利用人工或半自动的方式进行几何校正时,存在校正结果难以预料,控制点精度不可控,二次校正过程中控制点利用效率较低等问题。本文基于以上问题,利用华浩超算平台,对资源一号02C卫星10 m多光谱影像和2.36 m全色影像进行几何校正。试验证明华浩超算平台的实时几何校正模块,可以对每一个精校正后控制点的精度进行实时控制,并有效地解决了控制点利用效率低的问题。     

A STUDY OF RAPID DECAY TYPHOONS IN OFFSHORE WATERS OF CHINA

On the basis of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and yearbooks of CMA tropical cyclones, statistical analysis is performed for 1949—2013 offshore typhoons subjected to rapid decay(RD). This analysis indicates that RD typhoons are small-probability events, making up about 2.2% of the total offshore typhoons during this period. The RD events experience a decadal variation, mostly in the 1960 s and 1970 s(maximal in the 1970 s), rapidly decrease in the 1980 s and 1990 s and quickly increase from 2000. Also, RD typhoons show remarkable seasonal differences: they arise mainly in April and July-December, with the prime stage being in October-November. The offshore RD typhoons occur mostly in the South China Sea(SCS) and to a lesser extent in the East China Sea(ECS); however, none are observed over the Huang Sea and Bo Sea.Composite analysis and dynamic diagnosis of the RD typhoon-related large-scale circulations are performed.Physical quantities of the composite analysis consist of 500-h Pa height and temperature fields, vapor transfer, vertical wind shear(VWS), density of core convection(DCC), and high-level jet and upper-air outflow of the typhoon. The results suggest that(1) at the 500-h Pa height field, the typhoon is ahead of a westerly trough and under the effects of its passing trough;(2) at the temperature field, the typhoon is ahead of a temperature trough, with an invading cold tongue present;(3) at the vapor transfer field, water transfer into the RD typhoon is cut off; and(4) at higher levels, the related jet weakens and the outbreak of convection becomes attenuated in the typhoon core. In addition, VWS bears a relation to the RD typhoon; in particular, strong VWS favors RD occurrence.The differences in RD events between the SCS and ECS show that for the RD, the VWS of the ECS environmental winds is markedly stronger in comparison with its SCS counterpart. The cold advection invading into the typhoons is more intense in the SCS than in the ECS, and the low-level vapor transfer and high-level outflow are weaker in the SCS RD typhoons.Data analysis shows that sea surface temperature(SST), VWS, and DCC can be employed as efficient factors to predict RD occurrence. With appropriate SST, VWS, and DCC, a warning of RD occurrence can be given 36, 30-36,and 30 h, respectively, in advance. These values suggest that atmospheric SST responses lag. Owing to this time lag,the prediction of RD typhoons is possible.     

“7.20”华北特大暴雨过程中低涡发展演变机制研究

利用中国地面加密自动站观测资料、北京地区雷达探测资料、NCEP （1°×1°） FNL资料、ECMWF ERA Interim （0.125°×0.125°）逐日再分析资料等,对造成2016年7月19-20日华北极端暴雨中的低涡系统发展演变的结构特征和加强机制进行了研究。华北地区这次特大暴雨过程出现了3个阶段降水,其中与低涡系统强烈发展对应的第2阶段降水是本次华北暴雨过程的主要降水阶段。针对该低涡的分析表明：（1）850 hPa以西南低涡为中心的低压带中,在河南西北部新生低涡系统,并且其在向华北地区移动过程中显著加强,该低涡系统在空间结构上,从倾斜涡柱逐渐发展成近乎直立的、贯穿整个对流层的深厚低涡系统;（2）中低层低涡系统快速发展过程与高低空系统构成耦合作用有关：低层低涡系统显著加强之前,对流层上层（300-200 hPa）首先出现高空槽异常加深并向南发展,该高空槽发展的开始阶段与其本身冷暖平流造成的斜压发展过程对应;而后,随着高纬度平流层高位涡沿等熵面向南运动,造成华北地区对流层上层涡度增强,形成正位涡异常区;当这一正位涡异常区叠加在对流层中低层锋区上空时,造成对流层中低层气旋快速发展并向下伸展,诱发河南西北部的新生气旋;低涡系统的发展进一步强化了低空暖平流,促使低空气旋向东北方向发展"移动"（本质上是暖平流前端造成的气旋发展）,这一动力学过程反过来使高层的涡度增强;这一正反馈过程形成的耦合环流不仅造成了整个涡度柱强度增强,而且垂直结构上逐渐由倾斜涡柱演变为近乎于直立的涡柱;（3）随着低涡系统增强,极大地加强了垂直上升运动并触发了对流,形成大范围的强降水,大量的凝结潜热释放,造成了低层低涡系统在强降水开始阶段的快速发展和增强;20日00时（世界时）以后,虽然对流活动显著减弱,但低涡系统的加深维持了大范围强降水过程的持续。强降水与低涡发展的正反馈过程是这次华北暴雨得以长时间维持的重要机制之一,这一过程形成的持续性潜热释放也是对流层中上层低涡系统热力结构发生改变的重要原因。     

Developing the science product algorithm testbed for Chinese next-generation geostationary meteorological satellites: Fengyun-4 series

Fengyun-4A (FY-4A), the first of the Chinese next-generation geostationary meteorological satellites, launched in 2016, offers several advances over the FY-2: more spectral bands, faster imaging, and infrared hyperspectral measurements. To support the major objective of developing the prototypes of FY-4 science algorithms, two science product algorithm testbeds for imagers and sounders have been developed by the scientists in the FY-4 Algorithm Working Group (AWG). Both testbeds, written in FORTRAN and C programming languages for Linux or UNIX systems, have been tested successfully by using Intel/g compilers. Some important FY-4 science products, including cloud mask, cloud properties, and temperature profiles, have been retrieved successfully through using a proxy imager, Himawari-8/Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI), and sounder data, obtained from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder, thus demonstrating their robustness. In addition, in early 2016, the FY-4 AWG was developed based on the imager testbed—a near real-time processing system for Himawari-8/AHI data for use by Chinese weather forecasters. Consequently, robust and flexible science product algorithm testbeds have provided essential and productive tools for popularizing FY-4 data and developing substantial improvements in FY-4 products.     

气象卫星的云观测

云体现着不同尺度天气系统发生、发展和消亡的过程。云还通过反射太阳辐射和阻止地球发射辐射,维持着全球能量平衡。1960年气象卫星的出现,揭开了从浩瀚太空,俯视千变万化云系的历史。气象卫星云图的获取,加深了人们对天气、气候变化过程的认识,推进了大气科学的发展。本文围绕气象卫星云遥感主题,首先概述了利用卫星资料开展云检测、云相态识别、云光学厚度与等效粒子半径反演的原理和方法。而后,着重介绍了各类天气尺度和中尺度天气过程的云系特征。最后,文章回顾了国际卫星云气候方面的工作,展望了未来云观测技术的发展前景。     

An examination of the Galileo NeQuick model: comparison with GPS and JASON TEC

GPS Solutions - We evaluate the performance of Galileo broadcast NeQuick model by comparing it with GPS broadcast Klobuchar and the original NeQuick2 models. The broadcast coefficients of Galileo...     

Multi‐scale approach to mining significant spatial co‐location patterns

Spatial co‐location pattern mining aims to discover a collection of Boolean spatial features, which are frequently located in close geographic proximity to each other. Existing methods for identifying spatial co‐location patterns usually require users to specify two thresholds, i.e. the prevalence threshold for measuring the prevalence of candidate co‐location patterns and distance threshold to search the spatial co‐location patterns. However, these two thresholds are difficult to determine in practice, and improper thresholds may lead to the misidentification of useful patterns and the incorrect reporting of meaningless patterns. The multi‐scale approach proposed in this study overcomes this limitation. Initially, the prevalence of candidate co‐location patterns is measured statistically by using a significance test, and a non‐parametric model is developed to construct the null distribution of features with the consideration of spatial auto‐correlation. Next, the spatial co‐location patterns are explored at multi‐scales instead of single scale (or distance threshold) discovery. The validity of the co‐location patterns is evaluated based on the concept of lifetime. Experiments on both synthetic and ecological datasets show that spatial co‐location patterns are discovered correctly and completely by using the proposed method; on the other hand, the subjectivity in discovery of spatial co‐location patterns is reduced significantly.