Feldspar albitization in Cretaceous non-marine mudrocks, Gyeongsang Basin, Korea

Plagioclases and K-feldspars in the sandstones and mudrocks of the Cretaceous non-marine Gyeongsang Basin, Korea, were partially to completely albitized. The preservation of fresh plagioclase grains in early micrite-cemented sandstones suggests the diagenetic origin of albite. Albitization textures in mudrocks were examined using backscattered electron images. In contrast to completely albitized plagioclase grains in sandstones, those in mudrocks are mostly partially albitized. It suggests that mudrocks can be more useful for a provenance study than sandstones by preserving detrital minerals better. K-feldspar is unaltered to partially albitized in both sandstones and mudrocks. In mudrocks albitization starts preferentially along microfractures, cleavages and grain margins. Albitization along grain margins seems to be a characteristic feature in mudrocks where development of microfractures in silt-sized feldspar grains by physical compaction is limited by clayey matrix as well as by overpressure. The extent of albitization in mudrocks is mainly controlled by composition of the detrital plagioclase. Mudrocks containing calcic plagioclase grains tend to be more extensively albitized than those containing sodic varieties.     

LANDSLIDE POTENTIALITY OF THE TSENGWEN RESERVOIR WATERSHED,TAIWAN,CHINA

To recognize the geographical characteristics of the landslide areas will be helpful for the watershed management in the reservoir watershed.According to the quantitative analysis,we'll take different scores and weighting for the potential parameters of the landslide areas in the Tsengwen reservoir watershed,and in the meanwhile,we'll extract the different factors,including the slope,aspect,altitude,soil and geological textures etc.,and the results shown as maximum one-day rainfall,ratio of forests and average relief is the most affecting parameters on the potential risk map of landslide areas.     

滇西新生代超钾质煌斑岩的元素和Sr-Nd同位素特征及其对岩石圈地幔组成的制约

系统分析了滇西早第三纪晚期煌斑岩的主元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素组成。绝大多数煌斑岩属超钾质系列岩石（K2O/Na2O=2.1-5.2)，少数为钾玄质系列（K2O/Na2O=1.6-1.7)。这些超钾质煌斑岩富集大离子亲石元素、轻稀土元素和Pb，亏损高场强元素，具有高的初始^87Sr/^86Sr比值（O.70624-0.70924)和负的εNd(t)值（-1.7～-4.6），类似于与俯冲环境有关的高K/Ti-低Ti钾质系列岩石。这些超钾质煌斑岩母岩浆来源于含金云母的交代地幔，经历了不同程度的结晶分异和地壳物质的同化混染。与藏北钾玄质系列岩石相比，滇西超钾质煌斑岩的Th/U比较低、Rb/Sr比较高，而且Nd模式年龄系统偏低0.1-0.4Ga，表明青藏高原北部和东南部岩石圈地幔组成存在区域性的差异。     

Geochemistry of peridotite xenoliths in alkali basalts from Jeju Island, Korea

Abstract   Ultramafic xenoliths in alkali basalts from Jeju Island, Korea, are mostly spinel lherzolites with subordinate amounts of spinel harzburgites and pyroxenites. The compositions of major oxides and compatible to moderately incompatible elements of the Jeju peridotite xenoliths suggest that they are residues after various extents of melting. The estimated degrees of partial melting from compositionally homogeneous and unfractionated mantle to form the residual xenoliths reach 30%. However, their complex patterns of chondrite-normalized rare earth element, from light rare earth element (LREE)-depleted through spoon-shaped to LREE-enriched, reflect an additional process. Metasomatism by a small amount of melt/fluid enriched in LREE followed the former melt removal, which resulted in the enrichment of the incompatible trace elements. Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of the Jeju xenoliths display a wide scatter from depleted mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB)-like to near bulk-earth estimates along the MORB–oceanic island basalt (OIB) mantle array. The varieties in modal proportions of minerals, (La/Yb)_N ratio and Sr-Nd isotopes for the xenoliths demonstrate that the lithospheric mantle beneath Jeju Island is heterogeneous. The heterogeneity is a probable result of its long-term growth and enrichment history.     

A DISCUSSION ON SEISMIC BINARY GAIN SWITCHING AMPLIFIERS *

Geophysical field equipment has undergone rapid changes in the past decade; from simple AGC amplifiers and galvo cameras to binary gain switching amplifiers and digital recorders, all in an attempt to keep pace with the new geophysical interpretive methods developed, and the growing acceptance of the terminology, methods, and philosophy of communication theory. The additional tools of the digital recorder and digital computer make it possible to utilize these new techniques in geophysical processing. Accomplishing these new techniques demands severe requirements on the digital field recording process in handling the decreasing energy return from the seismometer, and to fully realize the capabilities of digital techniques in reducing data. Simple automatic gain control may be used. However, in the more sophisticated interpretive methods, such as autoregression and deconvolution, it is necessary to reconstruct the actual energy levels in the computer. Recording the control signal used in master AGC or programmed gain control may prove satisfactory; however the accuracy of control versus gain is limited to I% for such analog instrumentation. To utilize the computer to its fullest extent, and to accurately perform these new techniques, requires an accuracy of I% or better. This accuracy is obtainable by using a step gain control where the gain is increased by fixed steps in which each step represents a gain in amplification by a constant factor. The accuracy in this case can be made dependent only on the tolerance of resistors used as attenuators or feedback elements. Preferably the constant factor of gain steps should be a number easily handled by the computer. By using 6 db steps it becomes a simple matter to shift binary numbers, such as multiplying or dividing by 10 in the decimal system. The requirements or parameters for such an amplifier system, and the elements of the amplifier necessary to achieve these requirements are presented.     

MULTICOMPONENT COMMON-RECEIVER GATHER MIGRATION OF SINGLE-LEVEL WALK-AWAY SEISMIC PROFILES1

Seismic data are usually separated into P-waves and S-waves before being put through a scalar (acoustic) migration. The relationship between polarization and moveout is exploited to design filters that extract the desired wavetype. While these filters can always be applied to shot records, they can only be applied to a triaxial common-receiver gather in special cases since the moveout of scattered energy on the receiver gather relates to path differences between the surface shots and the scatterer while the polarization is determined by the path from scatterer to downhole geophone. Without the ability to separate wavefields before migration, a ‘vector scalar’ or an elastic migration becomes a necessity. Here the propagation of the elastic wavefield for a given mode (e.g. P-S) is approximated by two scalar (acoustic) propagation steps in a ‘vector scalar’ migration. ‘Vector’ in that multicomponent data is migrated and 'scalar’ in that each propagation step is based on a scalar wave equation for the appropriate mode. It is assumed that interaction between the wavefields occurs only once in the far-field of both the source and receiver. Extraction of the P, SV and SH wavefields can be achieved within the depth migration (if one assumes isotropy in the neighbourhood of the downhole receiver) by a projection onto the polarization for the desired mode. Since the polarization of scattered energy is only a function of scatterer position and receiver position (and not source position), the projection may be taken outside the migration integral in the special case of the depth migration of a common-receiver gather. The extraction of the desired mode is then performed for each depth migration bin after the separate scalar migration of each receiver gather component. This multicomponent migration of triaxial receiver gathers is conveniently implemented with a hybrid split-step Fourier-excitation-time imaging condition depth migration. The raytracing to get the excitation-time imaging condition also provides the expected polarization for the post-migration projection. The same downward extrapolated wavefield can be used for both the P-P and P-S migrations, providing a flexible and efficient route to the migration of multicomponent data. The technique is illustrated on a synthetic example and a single-level Walk-away Seismic Profile (WSP) from the southern North Sea. The field data produced images showing a P-P reflector below the geophone and localized P-P and P-S scatterers at the level of the geo-phone. These scatterers, which lie outside the zone of specular illumination, are interpreted as faults in the base Zechstein/top Rotliegendes interface.     

Stokes surfaces and the effects of near-surface groundwater-table on Aeolian deposition

ABSTRACT Stokes surfaces in aeolian deposits are caused by wind scour of unconsolidated material to a roughly planar horizon controlled by near-surface water-tables (Stokes, 1968). A water-table forms a downward limit of scour through the cohesion of damp or wet sand near water-table, and through early cementation by evaporites precipitated in the sediments as water evaporates near the sand-air interface. Study of modern analogues reveals that Stokes surfaces exist in a variety of depositional settings, including a coastal offshore prograding sand sea (Jafurah, Saudi Arabia); a coastal onshore prograding sand sea (Guerrero Negro, Mexico) and a continental sand sea (White Sands, New Mexico, USA). These modern analogues indicate that our concept of Stokes surfaces must be broadened to include the following: (i) modern analogues for Stokes surfaces described here cover areas on the order of 25 km². These may be as representative of similar surfaces in ancient rocks as hypothesized plains of deflation requiring removal of entire sand seas; (ii) Stokes surfaces occupy a continuum in scale from local to extensive, and erosional surfaces of different magnitude may be stacked closely in the sediments; (iii) Stokes surfaces, although erosional in nature, are commonly associated with deposits both above and below the Stokes bounding surface which plainly reveal the influence of a near-surface groundwater control on wind sedimentation. Moreover, the erosional relief of the bounding surface itself (as well as other features) reveals the influence of a groundwater-table; (iv) Stokes surfaces may be diachronous, representing the lateral shift of a zone of scour within a sand sea rather than simultaneous removal of all dunes from the area encompassed by the erosional surface; (v) Stokes surfaces and associated deposits are often laterally transitional to surfaces and deposits of adjacent depositional environments, including interdunes, tidal flats, lagoons, beaches, lakes and non-aeolian sabkhas. Finally, modern examples from different depositional settings suggest that while most Stokes surfaces have many features in common (such as erosional ridges due to early cementation), there are some features which may, with further study, be revealed to be distinctive of an individual depositional setting.     

A PETROGRAPHICAL STUDY OF THE CHINESE AGALMATOLITES

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION. The most popular Chinese agalmatolites are Shoushanshih (壽山石), Changhuashih (昌化石), Chingtienshih (青田石) and Kwanglushih (廣綠石). They are named after the names of places, as the name Shoushanshih is from