1948年川西理塘 M7. 3地震地表破裂特征及Riedel剪切构造分析

1948年川西理塘M7. 3地震是川滇菱形块体内部近一个世纪以来发生的震级最大的走滑型地震。在对此次同震地表破裂进行详细调查基础上,利用差分GPS对同震地表破裂带进行了精确测量与统计分析。结果揭示该地表破裂的现存长度为36 km,北端始于无量河以北,往东南沿藏坝盆地北东缘、德巫盆地东南缘,延伸至德巫乡北,分为南、北两段,而在交德附近存在约3 km长的地表破裂空区。对同震地表破裂的线密度和同震水平位错量进行分段统计后揭示,此次地震的宏观震中应位于德巫盆地中部交德东南约4~5 km处。对理塘同震地表破裂的Riedel剪切分析结果指示,该破裂带主要由R剪切组成,以发育雁列状排列的挤压鼓包(Push- up)为主要特征,伴有少量R′剪切与T裂缝,缺少P型与X型剪切。其中R剪切占95%以上,其在藏坝段(北段)的优势方向为318°,德巫段(南段)为315°,整条地表破裂带的R剪切平均方向为316°。同时发现,此次地震形成的雁列状挤压鼓包主要以平缓的“弧形”为主,这与1981年道孚MS 6. 9地震和2010年玉树MS 7. 1地震地表破裂带中出现大量反“S”形挤压鼓包有所不同,推断与走滑断裂滑动速率密切相关。沿强滑动速率走滑断层地震破裂带的Riedel剪切发育会更为完善,挤压鼓包也更发育,易形成反“S”形,反之则以平缓的“弧形”为特征。综合分析认为,1948年理塘同震地表破裂带的展布主要受藏坝盆地与德巫盆地控制,而且藏坝段(北段)与德巫段(南段)的R剪切方向存在偏差,这可能与两个拉分盆地的发育程度有关。     

基于土柱排水实验探讨潜水含水层给水度的影响因素

给水度是重要的水文地质参数之一,为探讨潜水含水层给水度的影响因素,设计均质粗砂、均质细砂、上细下粗、上粗下细4种土柱的排水实验,按照一定间距分段降低地下水位,每段降深设计不同排水时间,求取不同水位埋深的给水度.当地下水位埋深小于支持毛细水高度,给水度受地下水位埋深影响显著,其关系可以用非线性函数来表示.排水时间越长,给水度越大,当土柱分段排水时间超过1 h,给水度值稳定.0.6~0.9 mm粒径的粗砂给水度大于0.2~0.4 mm的细砂;当地下水位在土层分界面下20 cm时,上细下粗土柱给水度显著增大,上粗下细土柱给水度显著减小.给水度的大小与地下水位埋深、排水时间、岩土颗粒和潜水面附近及之上非均质结构等因素有关.      

季冻区草炭土非线性K-G模型试验研究

季冻区草炭土是沼泽环境中植物残体在氧化分解作用下,堆积形成的含有大量未分解纤维残体的特殊土。草炭土纤维及其含量对其强度和变形特性具有重要影响,目前考虑纤维含量对草炭土强度和变形特性影响的本构关系研究还相对匮乏。K-G本构模型因其模型参数与土的体积模量和剪切模量能建立直接联系,因此在岩土工程非线性理论和数值计算分析方面广泛应用。以不同纤维含量的草炭土为研究对象,进行三轴剪切试验,研究了草炭土的应力应变曲线,得到了草炭土非线性K-G模型参数,分析了各模型参数随纤维含量的变化规律,建立了模型参数与纤维含量之间的线性函数关系。     

四川盆地东部中二叠统茅口组热液活动特征

四川盆地中二叠统茅口组存在丰富的热液流体活动。在野外剖面和岩心观察的基础上,利用多种分析测试方法,对四川盆地东部茅口组碳酸盐岩中的热液活动特征进行了探讨。研究区茅口组热液活动包括2类,一类为硅质热液,表现为薄层硅质岩或硅质团块;另一类为碳酸盐型热液,表现为粗晶方解石和白云石充填在张性构造裂缝中或呈"雪片状"集合体,偶见少量黄铁矿、闪锌矿等金属硫化物伴生。硅质岩主量元素之间的关系表明硅质来源具有多样性,是热液硅与壳源硅的混合;黄铁矿、闪锌矿原位S同位素δ34S介于-3.91‰~-6.87‰之间,推测可能受到了微生物和基性岩浆岩的双重影响;方解石脉和具鞍状双晶的白云石脉普遍具有Ca O高于标准计量、相对富Sr和U、贫REE和Ti、Ce/Ce*明显负异常、Eu/Eu*主体正异常、Y正异常等特征,表明碳酸盐脉为热液活动的产物,流体来源也呈现出火山活动相关流体与富钙地下水混合的特点。闪锌矿富集Ge和Cd,Zn/Cd及Zn/Fe值反映了中等成矿温度。硅质岩和碳酸盐流体包裹体均一温度变化范围较大,介于54.7~294.3℃之间,与稀土元素和微量元素比值所揭示的特征吻合。研究结果表明,穿层状硅质结核和团块的首次出现往往标志着茅口组热液活动的开始,而张性构造裂缝和碳酸盐型热液活动带来的围岩白云化作用则有效地改善了白云岩储集层的物性。     

基于水热耦合的青藏高原分布式水文模型——Ⅱ.考虑冰川和冻土的尼洋河流域水循环过程模拟

尼洋河流域是雅鲁藏布江第四大支流,受冰川、积雪和冻土影响,水循环关系极其复杂。为深入研究该区域内的水文循环过程,本文在寒区水循环模型（WEP-COR）的基础上,针对青藏高原气候和地质特点,构建了耦合“积雪-土壤-砂砾石层”连续体和“积雪-冰川”水热过程模拟的青藏高原分布式水循环模型（WEP-QTP）。在尼洋河流域通过对2013—2016年的流量过程模拟发现,工布江达和泥曲站的逐月流量Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数分别达到0.810和0.752,比改进前的0.430和0.095有明显提升;以2015年为例,对比WEP-COR和WEP-QTP模型发现,WEP-QTP模型在汛期特别是主汛前（冻土融化期）模拟的流量过程不会出现较大的波动,模拟得到的逐日流量Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数相比WEP-COR从-0.67提高到0.54。模型增强了地下水含水层的调节作用,使得流量过程更加平稳且接近实测,研究结果表明,WEP-QTP模型适用于青藏高原的水文模拟。     

Designation processes for marine protected areas in the coastal wetlands of South Korea

The history of Korean tidal flat management and the process for designating Coastal Wetland Protected Areas (CWPAs) are described. Korean coastal wetlands have a long history of intensive use through reclamation for agricultural and industrial uses in the 20th century. Recently, the management policy is shifting away from intensive use towards the conservation of wetlands. This shift is caused by increasing public awareness of the value of wetlands and strong institutional support from the government. Since the Wetlands Conservation Act was passed in 1999, a total of twelve CWPAs have been designated through both top-down and bottom-up processes. Three designation paths are classified based on the relevant drivers, namely government-driven designations (seven CWPAs), local community driven designations (three CWPAs), and conflict resolution (trade-offs) driven designation (two CWPAs). The lessons learned from the designation of Korean CWPAs is that diversification of designation process could facilitate voluntary participation of local stakeholders and thereby enhance the chance of successful implementation of wise use strategy of tidal flats.     

The role of eddies in solute transport and recovery in rock fractures: Implication for groundwater remediation

A better understanding of solute transport and retention mechanism in rock fractures has been challenging due to difficulty in their direct observations in microscale rough‐walled fractures. Six representative troughs in a rough‐walled fracture were selected for microscale observations of eddy formation with increasing flow velocity and its effect on spatiotemporal changes of solute concentration. This experimental study was enabled by a microscale visualization technique of micro particle image velocimetry. With increasing flow velocity (Re ≤ 2.86), no eddies were generated, and solutes along the main streamlines transported rapidly, whereas those near the wall moved slowly. A larger amount of solutes remained trapped at all troughs at Re = 2.86 than Re < 1. For Re = 8.57, weak eddies started to be developed at the troughs on the lee side, which little contributed to overall solute flushing in the fracture. Accordingly, a large of amount of water was needed for solute flushing. The flow condition of 1 < Re < 10, before a full development of eddies, was least favourable in terms of time and amount of remediation fluid required to reach a target concentration. After large eddies were fully developed at troughs on the lee side for Re = 17.13, solutes were substantially reduced by eddies with less amount of water. Fully developed eddies were found to enhance solute transport and recovery, as opposed to a general consensus that eddies trap and delay solutes. Direct inflow into troughs on the stoss side also made a great contribution to solute flushing out of the troughs. This study indicates that fully developed eddies or strong inflows at troughs are highly possible to form for Re > 10 and this flow range could be favourable for efficient remediation.     

西秦岭北缘断裂带地震活动特征及近期发展趋势

本文讨论了西秦岭北缘断裂带在青藏高原东北部三次地震活动高潮幕和两次地震活动低潮幕中的作用和特点,以及地震活动的时空强特征和近期发展趋势。     

裂变径迹定年标准化的研究

用钴活化箔对SRM962标准铀玻璃进行了刻度,并比较了用钴活化范和用经过刻度的标准铀玻璃测量中子注量的定年方法,结果表明后者的定年结果优于前者,两者都有正系统偏差。利用磷灰石、结石和榍石的7种年龄标准样品和SRM962标准铀玻璃进行多次刻度,发现3种年龄标准矿物的Zeta常数基本一致,为327.4±7.8(±2σ).     

作物叶面蒸腾与棵间蒸发分摊系数的计算方法

依据在冬小麦和玉米冠层表面及冠层内部下方土壤表面的净辐射观测资料,建立了一个能较准确地反映叶面蒸腾与棵间土壤蒸发分摊系数物理变化规律的较实用的计算模式,结果表明,分摊系数(α)随叶面积指数(LAI)增加而增加,且具有明显的日变化,α在中午最小、早、晚稍大,这种日变化受叶气孔调节的影响。