Theoretical wind wave frequency spectra in deep water——Ⅰ. Form of spectrum

In this part ot the paper theoretical wind-wave spectra nave been derived oy (I) expressing the spectrum in series composed of exponential terms; (2) assuming that the spectrum satisfies a high order linear ordinary differential equation; (3) introducing proper parameters in the spectrum; and (4) making use of some known charateristics of wind-wave spectrum, for instance, the law governing the equilibrium range. The spectrum obtained contains the zero order moment of the spectrum m0, the peak frequency ω0 and the ratio R =ω/ω0 (ω being the mean zero-crossing frequency) as parameters. The shape of the nondimensional spectrum S(ω) = ω0S(ω)/m0(ω=ω/ω0) changes with R and theoretically reduces to a Dirac delta function δ(ω-1) when R = 1. A spectrum of simplified form is given for practical uses, in which R is replaced by a peakness factor P=S(1).     

东部非洲低空急流的数值研究

一个三维的有限区域、原始方程的数值模式用来研究东部非洲急流和夏季西南季风。这个模式适用于24°S—48°N和30°E—110°E的范围,在E—W和S—N方向上水平分解分别为1°和2°。Arakawa C方案中、模式的格点是交错的。垂直方向上有5个σ层。有限差分为二阶。显示分离方法是利用时间积分。在一度分解表面高度的基础上、波包和5点平滑的地带包括在这个模式中。横向的边界条件是自由滑动和对正常风分量的展开。但是、总的质量守恒。在模式中,对于驱动季风所规定的对流加热率为7月份平均观测值的五倍。纬向平均温度通过用2天时间尺度的瑞利恢复而保持。七月份平均纬向流通过张驰逼近而初值化。根据莫宁-奥布霍夫的平稳相关总方程式把边界层参数化了。在6天时间内的各种条件下,模式积分处于准稳定状态。同时发现,东非急流的强度和季风环流的结构对于地形,对流加热和加热强度是非常敏感的。但对感热和非线性平流的敏感性却是很小的     

胡安·德富卡洋中脊热液体系中地震引起的变化

众所周知 ,太平洋东北部洋中脊的热液排放受地震扰动的影响 ,但是这些扰动起因于海底火山活动 ,直到现在 ,也没有观察到热液体系受非岩浆作用的构造事件的影响。这里我们报道了１９９９年６月在明显为构造成因的震群之前、期间和之后从胡安·德富卡海岭的几个热液喷口测量的热液排放的温度。排放流体温度在第一次地震之后４～１１ｄ开始上升 ,第一次上升之后 ,在到达较高温度值之前喷口温度波动了约一个月。我们也观察到了从热液体系中输出的流体在至少８０ｄ内提高了１０倍 ,并沿着整个海岭段延伸。与相对温和的构造活动对应的这样一个大的…     

印度东海岸沃姆瑟塔拉河流盆地粘土组分和全样的痕量元素地球化学

沃姆瑟塔拉河是一条中等河流，起源于山口东部的丘陵区．流域盆地的主要地质建造由榴英硅线变质岩、紫苏花岗岩和花岗岩组成．时代属太古代．流域盆地属半干旱-干旱气候。     

渤海三维潮流数值模拟

本模型以具有自由面的三维非线性Ｎａｖｉｅｒ－Ｓｒｏｋｅｓ方程为基本方程，经σ坐标变换得到模式方程。基于过程分裂法，将三维流动中的快过程与慢过程劈开，并对每部分选用适合其物理特性和数值行为的计算格式，然后耦联求解。应用本模型详细计算了渤海的三维潮运动。其中，潮波系统模拟获得理想的结果；采用十层模式计算了Ｍ２潮流，以较高的辨率揭示了潮流的空间结构特征。最后本文给出了三维潮流预报的应用实例。     

高能波控陆架的风暴沉积和风暴层序——以澳大利亚东南部陆架为例

根据浅层地震和钻孔资科,将澳大利亚东南部研究地区高能波控陆架风暴沉积分为直立风暴层、叠瓦状风暴层、无序风暴层、水平风暴层和纹层状风暴层等五类.各类风暴层及风暴层与非风暴层组合而成悬移风暴层序、悬移-推移混合风暴层序和推移风暴层序三大类.中陆架风暴沉积与现今近岸和水下岸坡相似,岩性、岩相和古生物属海岸带,风暴沉积厚,底板埋深大,组成物质粗.推断中陆架风暴沉积当形成于冰后期海侵、该地带处在近岸带和水下岸坡环境时,此时海面上升速度可能减缓,或趋近于零,甚至可能有短时间的下降.     

表面波对于混合层中湍流强化作用的实验研究

文中介绍了一项二层流体内密度界面处湍流挟卷的实验室研究。实验结果表明,有表面波存在时,混合层下密度界面处的挟卷速度较之无表面波时有明显的增大。这个实验事实的可能的海洋学含义为:不破碎的表面势波对于混合层内湍流有强化的作用,因而成为在考查密跃层变迁问题中应考虑在内的动力因素。     

Cloning of a chub metallothionein cDNA and development of competitive RT-PCR of chub metallothionein mRNA as a potential biomarker of heavy metal exposure

Metallothionein has been assayed in a range of aquatic animal tissues as an indicator of metal exposure. We sequenced chub (Leuciscus cephalus) metallothionein cDNA which showed over 90% homology to common carp, goldfish and stone loach and 77% homology to rainbow trout sequences for metallothionein. We then used the extended primer method to develop an accurate quantitative competitive RT-PCR assay for metallothionein mRNA. RT-PCR was used to measure metallothionein mRNA in feral chub from a range of field sites, with different levels of heavy metal pollution, in the West Midlands, UK. Measurements were complemented by analysis of liver and gill metallothionein protein by capillary electrophoresis. There was no significant difference in the metallothionein protein levels between fish of different rivers and there was no evidence of elevation of mRNA at the sites of highest metal exposure. The level of metal exposure (e.g. zinc, nickel and cadmium each ranging between 15 and 28 microg/l ) at the pH (7.5-8.5) of these rivers appears insufficient to elevate hepatic or gill metallothionein in chub. A lack of elevation of hepatic metallothionein mRNA in chub exposed to zinc, copper and manganese for 24 h and 10 days in the laboratory also suggests a non-responsiveness of this species.