Metallogenic and tectonic characteristics of the paleozoic ophiolitic belt of the southern Chile coastal Cordillera

The comparison of the tectonic, geochemical, and metallogenic information of the Crystalline Paleozoic Basement of the South Coast Range of Chile, with those classical ophiolites complexes like Cyprus, Oman, the Apennines, Magellean, etc., allows to find many similarities between them: ultramafic rocks, mainly wherlites, harzburgites and dunites with strong serpentinization, and rodingites; tholeiitic basalts with pillow structures; volcano-clastic sediments (»green schists«) of tholeiitic composition and meta-pelites (»grey schists«).From a metallogenitic point of view, the frame is completed by podiform chromites: occurrences associated to the serpentinizing banded iron formations, stratiform manganese oxides (mainly pyrolusite) associated to meta-cherts and quartzites, and polymetallic massive sulphide horizons interbedded with green schists.It is proposed that this sequence, based on its tectonic, petrographical, geochemical and metallogenetical characteristics, corresponds to an ophiolite back arc complex associated to an island arc developed during the Paleozoic.

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Zusammenfassung Das kristalline Grundgebirge der Küstenkordillere Südchiles zeigt in tektonischer, geochemischer und metallogenetischer Hinsicht viele Ähnlichkeiten mit den bekannten, klassischen Ophiolithkomplexen, wie z.B. Cypern, Oman, Apenninen und Magallanes. Bemerkenswert sind Rodingite und stark serpentinisierte ultrabasische Gesteine, u.a. Wehrlite, Harzburgite sowie Dunite. Au\erdem treten Basalte mit Pillow-Strukturen, vulkanoklastische Sedimente tholeiitischer Zusammensetzung (Grünschiefer) und Metapelite (Grauschiefer) auf. Von metallogenetischer Bedeutung ist die Anwesenheit von podiformen Chromit in Serpentiniten, von gebÄnderten Eisenerzen (BIF-Typ), stratiformen Mn-Oxid-Lagen in Metacherts und Quarziten sowie polymetallischen, massiven Sulfidschichten in Grünschiefern.Das metamorphe Grundgebirge wird aufgrund seiner tektonischen, petrographischen, geochemischen und metallogenetischen Gegebenheiten als Ophiolithkomplex des »back arc«-Typs angesehen, der im Zusammenhang mit einem palÄozoischen Inselbogen gebildet wurde.

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Resumen Al comparar las características tectónicas, geoquímicas y metalogenéticas del Basamento Cristalino Paleozoico de la Cordillera de la Costa del sur de Chile, con complejos ofiolíticos clásicos como Chipre, Omán, Los Apeninos, Magallanes, etc., se encuentran muchas similaridades entre ellos: rocas ultramáficas, principalmente wehrlitas, harzburgitas y dunitas, con fuerte serpentinización, y rodingitas; basaltos con estructura de almohadilla; sedimentos volcano-clásticos (»esquistos verdes«) de composición tholeiitica y metapelitas (»esquistos grises«).Desde el punto de vista metalogénico, el cuadro se completa con la ocurrencia de cromita podiforme asociada a serpentinitas; formaciones de hierro bandeado (BIF); óxidos de manganeso estratiformes asociados a meta-cherts y cuarcitas, y sulfuros masivos polimetálicos intercalados con esquistos verdes.Se propone que esta secuencia, basado en sus características tectónicas, petrográficas, geoquímicas y metalogénicas, corresponde a un complejo ofiolítico tipo »back arc« asociado a un arco de islas desarrollado durante el Paleozoico.

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The Fossil Record of Freshwater Micro-Algae <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pediastrum</Emphasis> Meyen (Chlorophyceae) in Southern South America

The structure and function of many Korean ecosystems have been rapidly modified since the 1960s when industrialization of the nation began. Ulsan City was the first in Korea to develop into a major industrial complex. To assess anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems surrounding Ulsan, sediment cores were collected from Mujechi-neup (bog) and Sanggae reservoir of Ulsan, and these cores were ²¹⁰Pb dated using the CRS model. Physical and chemical characteristics and pollen were analyzed, and the rates of sediment accumulation were calculated. Unsupported ²¹⁰Pb inventories in Mujechi-neup and the Sanggae reservoir were 18.04 and 16.53 pCi cm^–2, and the corresponding ²¹⁰Pb fluxes were 0.56 and 0.52 pCi cm^–2 yr^–1, respectively. The overall accumulation rate of dry matter was 0.26 kg m^–2 yr^–1 since 1852 (14 cm in depth) in Mujechi-neup. In the Sanggae reservoir, the accumulation rates of dry matter were increased from 2.1 in 1965 to 6.0 kg m^–2 yr^–1 in 1999. Pollen analysis revealed that three pollen zones existed in Mujechi-neup; a Pinus pollen-dominated zone from 0 to 5 cm in depth (1974 year), an Alnus pollen-dominated zone from 5 to 15 cm in depth (1827 year), and a Quercus pollen-dominated zone below 15 cm in depth. The shift from an Alnus dominated zone to a Pinus dominated zone was related to the Korean War between 1951 and 1953 and reforestation activities in the 1970s. In the Sanggae reservoir, there was an increase of Humulus pollen since 1996, an increase of Ambrosia pollen since the 1960s and the decrease of Graminae pollen since 1993 with the expansion of the industrial area. Similar to Mujechi-neup, the Sanggae reservoir also consists of three pollen zones: a Pinus and Typha pollen-dominated zone from 0 to 10 cm in depth (since 1993), a Graminae pollen-dominated zone from 10 to 22 cm in depth (between 1947 and 1993), and a Pinus pollen-dominated zone below 22 cm in depth (before 1947). The increase of Typha and Humulus in the 1990s indicates an increase in the inflow of nutrients into the wetlands. Also, pollen analysis revealed that Ambrosia was introduced in the 1960s during industrialization of the area. The sediment was composed of humic peat in Mujechi-neup and was composed of clay in the Sanggae reservoir. High LOI, P, and low C/N ratio between the depths of 5 to 7 cm in the Sanggae reservoir indicates an increased input of P and N. As a result, the growth of Typha was at its maximum. The total Pb content in Mujechi-neup has been increasing since the 1870s, and its accumulation in the Sanggae reservoir has been increasing since the 1960s. Thus, the history of local-scale disturbances and human activities in the watershed was reconstructed through paleoecological studies in Ulsan.     

Surficial Hydrocarbon Seep Infauna from the Blake Ridge (Atlantic Ocean, 2150 m) and the Gulf of Mexico (690–2240 m)

Abstract.  Infauna, including foraminifera and metazoans, were enumerated and identified from five types of seep habitats and two adjacent non-seep habitats. Collections were made with the deep submergence research vessel 'Alvin' from three areas of active seepage in the Gulf of Mexico (Alaminos Canyon [2220 m], Atwater Canyon [1930 m], and Green Canyon lease block 272 [700 m]) and on the Blake Ridge Diapir [2250 m], which is located off the southeastern coast of the United States. The seep habitats sampled included four types of microbial mats ( Beggiatoa , Thioploca , thin and thick Arcobacter ) and the periphery of a large mussel bed. Sediments under large rhizopod protists, xenophyophores, were sampled adjacent to the mussel bed periphery. A non-seep site, which was >1 km away from active seeps, was also sampled for comparison. Densities of most taxa were higher in the Gulf of Mexico seeps than in Blake Ridge samples, largely because densities in the thick microbial mats of Blake Ridge were significantly lower. Diversity was higher in the Thioploca mats compared to other microbial-mat types. Within an ocean basin ( i.e. , Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico) we did not observe significant differences in meiofaunal or macrofaunal composition in Beggiatoa versus Thioploca mats or thin versus thick Arcobacter mats. Foraminifera represented up to 16% of the seep community, a proportion that is comparable to their contribution at adjacent non-seep communities. In general, the observed densities and taxonomic composition of seep sites at the genus level was consistent with previous observations from seeps ( e.g. , the foraminifers Bolivina and Fursenkoina , the dorvilleid polychaete Ophryotrocha ).     

Studies of multiple stellar systems – III. Modulation of orbital elements in the triple-lined system HD 109648

The triple-lined spectroscopic triple system HD 109648 has one of the shortest periods known for the outer orbit in a late-type triple, 120.5 d, and the ratio between the periods of the outer and the inner orbits is small, 22:1. With such extreme values, this system should show orbital element variations over a time-scale of about a decade. We have monitored the radial velocities of HD 109648 with the CfA Digital Speedometers for 8 yr, and have found evidence for modulation of some orbital elements. While we see no definite evidence for modulation of the inner binary eccentricity, we clearly observe variations in the inner and the outer longitudes of periastron, and in the radial velocity amplitudes of the three components. The observational results, combined with numerical simulations, allow us to put constraints on the orientation of the orbits.     

Building participatory landscape-based conservation alternatives: A case study of Michoacán, Mexico

Michoacán, as one of the most species-rich provinces of Mexico and with high levels of endemism, was used for testing the potential of a conservation approach based on biodiversity as determined by scientists and local stakeholder's preferences. The resulting zones covered over 17% of the area of Michoacán in 18 zones. As a result of this study the first “large” tropical dry forest biosphere reserve in Mexico is currently being established. In conclusion, landscape-based conservation zoning based on local stakeholders' perspectives as well as on critical biodiversity indicators, proved to be effective for achieving science-based and politically acceptable nature conservation schemes.     

The evolution of superbubbles and the detection of Lyα in star-forming galaxies

The detection of Ly α emission in star-forming galaxies in different shapes and intensities (always smaller than predicted for case B recombination) has puzzled the astronomical community for more than a decade. Here we use two-dimensional calculations to follow the evolution of superbubbles and of the H  ii regions generated by the output of UV photons from massive stars. We show the impact caused by massive star formation in the ISM of different galaxies and we look at the conditions required to detect Ly α emission from a nuclear H  ii region, and the variety of profiles that may be expected as a function of time.     

Analysis of pathfinder SST algorithm for global and regional conditions

As part of the Pathfinder program developed jointly by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) a large database ofin situ sea surface temperature (SST) measurements coincident with satellite data is now available to the user community. The Pathfinder Matchup Database (PMDB) is a multi-year, multi-satellite collection of coincident measurements from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and broadly distributed buoy data (matchups). This database allows the user community to test and validate new SST algorithms to improve the present accuracy of surface temperature measurements from satellites. In this paper we investigate the performance of a global Pathfinder algorithm to specific regional conditions. It is shown that for zenith angles less than 45°, the best-expected statistical discrepancy between satellite and buoy data is about ∼ 0.5 K. In general, the bias of the residuals (satellite — buoy) is negative in most regions, except in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas, where the residuals are always positive. A seasonal signal in SST residuals is observed in all regions and is strongest in the Indian Ocean. The channel-difference term used as a proxy for atmospheric water vapor correction is observed to be unresponsive for columnar water vapor values greater than 45 mm and high zenith angles. This unresponsiveness of the channels leads to underestimation of sea surface temperature from satellites in these conditions.     

El Niño and La Niña influence on mean river flows of southern South America in the 20th century

The influence of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on monthly mean river flows of 12 rivers in the extreme south of South America in the 20th century is analysed. The original dataset of each river is divided into two subsets, i.e. warm ENSO events or El Niño, and cold ENSO events or La Niña. The elements of the subsets are composites of 24 consecutive months, from January of the year when the ENSO event begins to December of the following year. The ENSO signal is analysed by comparing the monthly mean value of each subset to the long-term monthly mean. The results reveal that, in general, monthly mean El Niño (La Niña) river flows are predominantly larger (smaller) than the long-term monthly mean in the rivers studied. The anomalies are more evident during the second half of the year in which the event starts and the first months of the following year.     

The extreme initial kinetic energy allowed by a collapsing turbulent core

We present high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations aimed at following the gravitational collapse of a gas core, in which a turbulent spectrum of velocity is implemented only initially. We determine the maximal value of the ratio of kinetic energy to gravitational energy, denoted here by \((\frac{E_{\mathrm{kin}} }{E_{\mathrm{grav}}} )_{\max}\), so that the core (i) will collapse around one free-fall time of time evolution or (ii) will expand unboundedly, because it has a value of \(\frac{E_{\rm kin}}{E_{\mathrm{grav}}}\) larger than \(( \frac{E_{\mathrm{kin}}}{E_{\mathrm{grav}}} )_{\mathrm{max}}\). We consider core models with a uniform or centrally condensed density profile and with velocity spectra composed of a linear combination of one-half divergence-free turbulence type and the other half of a curl-free turbulence type. We show that the outcome of the core collapse are protostars forming either (i) a multiple system obtained from the fragmentation of filaments and (ii) a single primary system within a long filament. In addition, some properties of these protostars are also determined and compared with those obtained elsewhere.